Abstract
Endophytes (bacteria or fungi) are a major class of plant symbionts that live within their hosts. These endosymbionts provide a diverse hub of bioactive secondary metabolites, phytohormones, extracellular enzymes and essential nutrients. In return, the host provides a protective habitat and access to the nutrients needed to reproduce and grow during the endophyte’s life (through the seeds, roots, stems and leaves). Similar to other plants, the Boswellia species have also been found to harbour endophytic microbes. Various species such as endophytic fungi (Chaetomium sp., Preussia sp., Penicillium, Thielavia, Phoma sp., Aureobasidium sp., Dothideomycetes sp., Sordariomycetes sp. and Fusarium proliferatum) and bacteria (Bacillus, Rhizobium and Paenibacillus) have been reported to date. Some of these species have been reported to produce auxin, exozymes and secondary enzyme inhibitory metabolites. There are only a few studies on these subjects, and they are primarily on B. sacra, and thus further study on other economically important species such as B. papyrifera and B. serrata is needed. This future work will help researchers to not only understand the role of associated microorganisms but also understand the tree of life and evolution.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ali, S., Charles, T., & Glick, B. (2012). Delay of flower senescence by bacterial endophytes expressing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 113(5), 1139–1144.
Al-Hosni, K., Shahzad, R., Latif Khan, A., Muhammad Imran, Q., Al Harrasi, A., Al Rawahi, A., ... & Lee, I. J. (2018). Preussia sp. BSL-10 producing nitric oxide, gibberellins, and indole acetic acid and improving rice plant growth. Journal of Plant Interactions, 13(1), 112–118.
Arenal, F., Platas, G., & Pelaez, F. (2007). A new endophytic species of Preussia (Sporormiaceae) inferred from morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Fungal Diversity, 25, 1–17.
Arnold, A. E., Henk, D. A., Eells, R. L., Lutzoni, F., & Vilgalys, R. (2007). Diversity and phylogenetic affinities of foliar fungal endophytes in loblolly pine inferred by culturing and environmental PCR. Mycologia, 99(2), 185–206.
Arnold, A. E., & Lutzoni, F. (2007). Diversity and host range of foliar fungal endophytes: Are tropical leaves biodiversity hotspots? Ecology, 88(3), 541–549.
Bayman, P., & Otero, J. T. (2006). Microbial endophytes of orchid roots. In Microbial root endophytes (pp. 153–177). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
Bilal, S., Shahzad, R., Khan, A. L., Kang, S.-M., Imran, Q. M., Al-Harrasi, A., … Lee, I.-J. (2018). Endophytic microbial consortia of phytohormones-producing fungus Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 and bacteria Sphingomonas sp. LK11 to Glycine max L. regulates physio-hormonal changes to attenuate aluminum and zinc stresses. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1273.
Bömke, C., & Tudzynski, B. (2009). Diversity, regulation, and evolution of the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi compared to plants and bacteria. Phytochemistry, 70(15–16), 1876–1893.
Clay, K. (1990). Fungal endophytes of grasses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21(1), 275–297.
Corrêa, R. C. G., Rhoden, S. A., Mota, T. R., Azevedo, J. L., Pamphile, J. A., de Souza, C. G. M., … Peralta, R. M. (2014). Endophytic fungi: Expanding the arsenal of industrial enzyme producers. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 41(10), 1467–1478.
De Bary, A. (1879). The phenomenon of symbiosis. Ver-lag Von Karl J. Trubner, Strasbourg, Germany.
De Battista, J., Bacon, C., Severson, R., Plattner, R., & Bouton, J. (1990). Indole acetic acid production by the fungal endophyte of tall fescue. Agronomy Journal, 82(5), 878–880.
Deshpande, V., Wang, Q., Greenfield, P., Charleston, M., Porras-Alfaro, A., Kuske, C. R., … Tran-Dinh, N. (2016). Fungal identification using a Bayesian classifier and the Warcup training set of internal transcribed spacer sequences. Mycologia, 108(1), 1–5.
Dew, R., Boissonneault, G., Gay, N., Boling, J., Cross, R., & Cohen, D. (1990). The effect of the endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum) and associated toxin (s) of tall fescue on serum titer response to immunization and spleen cell flow cytometry analysis and response to mitogens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 26(3), 285–295.
Eberl, F., Uhe, C., & Unsicker, S. B. (2019). “Friend or foe? The role of leaf-inhabiting fungal pathogens and endophytes in tree-insect interactions.” Fungal Ecology 38, 104–112.
El-Nagerabi, S. A., Elshafie, A. E., & Alkhanjari, S. S. (2014). Endophytic fungi associated with endogenous Boswellia sacra. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 15(1), 24–30.
Eslamieh, J. (2010). Creating “Perfect” Boswellia. Cactus and Succulent Journal, 82(3), 126–131.
Esteves, A. C., Saraiva, M., Correia, A., & Alves, A. (2014). Botryosphaeriales fungi produce extracellular enzymes with biotechnological potential. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 60(5), 332–342.
Fouda, A. H., Hassan, S. E.-D., Eid, A. M., & Ewais, E. E.-D. (2015). Biotechnological applications of fungal endophytes associated with medicinal plant Asclepias sinaica (Bioss.). Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 60(1), 95–104.
Fröhlich, J., & Hyde, K. D. (1999). Biodiversity of palm fungi in the tropics: Are global fungal diversity estimates realistic? Biodiversity and Conservation, 8(7), 977–1004.
Fulthorpe, R., MacIvor, J. S., Jia, P., & Yasui, S.-L. E. (2018). The green roof microbiome: Improving plant survival for ecosystem service delivery. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 5.
Ganley, R. J., Brunsfeld, S. J., & Newcombe, G. (2004). A community of unknown, endophytic fungi in western white pine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(27), 10107–10112.
García, A., Rhoden, S. A., Rubin Filho, C. J., Nakamura, C. V., & Pamphile, J. A. (2012). Diversity of foliar endophytic fungi from the medicinal plant Sapindus saponaria L. and their localization by scanning electron microscopy. Biological Research, 45(2), 139–148.
Ghimire, S. R., Charlton, N. D., Bell, J. D., Krishnamurthy, Y. L., & Craven, K. D. (2011). Biodiversity of fungal endophyte communities inhabiting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) growing in the native tallgrass prairie of northern Oklahoma. Fungal Diversity, 47(1), 19–27.
Glick, B. R. (2012). Plant growth-promoting bacteria: Mechanisms and applications. Scientifica, 2012, 1.
Göhre, V., & Robatzek, S. (2008). Breaking the barriers: Microbial effector molecules subvert plant immunity. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 46, 189–215.
Gunatilaka, A. L. (2006). Natural products from plant-associated microorganisms: Distribution, structural diversity, bioactivity, and implications of their occurrence. Journal of Natural Products, 69(3), 509–526.
Halo, B. A., Khan, A. L., Waqas, M., Al-Harrasi, A., Hussain, J., Ali, L., … Lee, I.-J. (2015). Endophytic bacteria (Sphingomonas sp. LK11) and gibberellin can improve Solanum lycopersicum growth and oxidative stress under salinity. Journal of Plant Interactions, 10(1), 117–125.
Hawksworth, D. L., & Rossman, A. Y. (1997). Where are all the undescribed fungi? Phytopathology, 87(9), 888–891.
Hibbett, D. S., Ohman, A., Glotzer, D., Nuhn, M., Kirk, P., & Nilsson, R. H. (2011). Progress in molecular and morphological taxon discovery in Fungi and options for formal classification of environmental sequences. Fungal Biology Reviews, 25(1), 38–47.
Higgins, K. L., Arnold, A. E., Miadlikowska, J., Sarvate, S. D., & Lutzoni, F. (2007). Phylogenetic relationships, host affinity, and geographic structure of boreal and arctic endophytes from three major plant lineages. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 42(2), 543–555.
Huang, W., Cai, Y., Surveswaran, S., Hyde, K., Corke, H., & Sun, M. (2009). Molecular phylogenetic identification of endophytic fungi isolated from three Artemisia species. Fungal diversity, 36, 69–88.
Janda, J. M., & Abbott, S. L. (2007). 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification in the diagnostic laboratory: Pluses, perils, and pitfalls. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 45(9), 2761–2764.
Khan, A. L., Al-Harrasi, A., Al-Rawahi, A., Al-Farsi, Z., Al-Mamari, A., Waqas, M., … Shin, J.-H. (2016). Endophytic fungi from Frankincense tree improves host growth and produces extracellular enzymes and indole acetic acid. PLoS One, 11(6), e0158207.
Khan, A. L., Al-Harrasi, A., Shahzad, R., Imran, Q. M., Yun, B.-W., Kim, Y.-H., … Lee, I.-J. (2018). Regulation of endogenous phytohormones and essential metabolites in frankincense-producing Boswellia sacra under wounding stress. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 40(6), 113.
Khan, A. L., Asaf, S., Al-Rawahi, A., Lee, I.-J., & Al-Harrasi, A. (2017). Rhizospheric microbial communities associated with wild and cultivated frankincense producing Boswellia sacra tree. PLoS One, 12(10), e0186939.
Khan, A. L., Asaf, S., Khan, A. R., Al-Harrasi, A., Al-Rawahi, A., & Lee, I.-J. (2016). First draft genome sequencing of indole acetic acid producing and plant growth promoting fungus Preussia sp. BSL10. Journal of Biotechnology, 225, 44–45.
Khan, A. L., Halo, B. A., Elyassi, A., Ali, S., Al-Hosni, K., Hussain, J., … Lee, I.-J. (2016). Indole acetic acid and ACC deaminase from endophytic bacteria improves the growth of Solanum lycopersicum. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 21, 58–64.
Khan, A. L., Hamayun, M., Kang, S.-M., Kim, Y.-H., Jung, H.-Y., Lee, J.-H., & Lee, I.-J. (2012). Endophytic fungal association via gibberellins and indole acetic acid can improve plant growth under abiotic stress: An example of Paecilomyces formosus LHL10. BMC Microbiology, 12(1), 3.
Khan, A. L., Hussain, J., Al-Harrasi, A., Al-Rawahi, A., & Lee, I.-J. (2015). Endophytic fungi: Resource for gibberellins and crop abiotic stress resistance. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 35(1), 62–74.
Khan, A. L., & Lee, I.-J. (2013). Endophytic Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 secretes gibberellin that reprograms Glycine max L. growth during copper stress. BMC Plant Biol, 13(1), 86.
Khan, A. L., Shin, J.-H., Jung, H.-Y., & Lee, I.-J. (2014). Regulations of capsaicin synthesis in Capsicum annuum L. by Penicillium resedanum LK6 during drought conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 175, 167–173.
Khan, A. L., Waqas, M., Asaf, S., Kamran, M., Shahzad, R., Bilal, S., … Yun, B.-W. (2017). Plant growth-promoting endophyte Sphingomonas sp. LK11 alleviates salinity stress in Solanum pimpinellifolium. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 133, 58–69.
Khan, A. L., Waqas, M., Hamayun, M., Al-Harrasi, A., Al-Rawahi, A., & Lee, I.-J. (2013). Co-synergism of endophyte Penicillium resedanum LK6 with salicylic acid helped Capsicum annuum in biomass recovery and osmotic stress mitigation. BMC Microbiology, 13(1), 51.
Khan, A. L., Waqas, M., Hussain, J., Al-Harrasi, A., Hamayun, M., & Lee, I.-J. (2015). Phytohormones enabled endophytic fungal symbiosis improve aluminum phytoextraction in tolerant Solanum lycopersicum: An examples of Penicillium janthinellum LK5 and comparison with exogenous GA3. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 295, 70–78.
Khan, S. A., Hamayun, M., Yoon, H., Kim, H.-Y., Suh, S.-J., Hwang, S.-K., … Yoon, U.-H. (2008). Plant growth promotion and Penicillium citrinum. BMC Microbiology, 8(1), 231.
Kharwar, R. N., Mishra, A., Gond, S. K., Stierle, A., & Stierle, D. (2011). Anticancer compounds derived from fungal endophytes: Their importance and future challenges. Natural Product Reports, 28(7), 1208–1228.
Kim, Y., Seo, C. W., Khan, A. L., Mun, B. G., Shahzad, R., Ko, J. W., ... & Lee, I. J. (2018). Exo-ethylene application mitigates waterlogging stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). BMC plant biology, 18(1), 254–270.
Krings, M., Taylor, T. N., Hass, H., Kerp, H., Dotzler, N., & Hermsen, E. J. (2007). Fungal endophytes in a 400-million-yr-old land plant: Infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. New Phytologist, 174(3), 648–657.
Kuldau, G., & Bacon, C. (2008). Clavicipitaceous endophytes: Their ability to enhance resistance of grasses to multiple stresses. Biological Control, 46(1), 57–71.
Kumar, D. S. S., & Hyde, K. D. (2004). Biodiversity and tissue-recurrence of endophytic fungi in Tripterygium wilfordii. Fungal diversity, 17, 69–90.
Kusari, S., Hertweck, C., & Spiteller, M. (2012). Chemical ecology of endophytic fungi: Origins of secondary metabolites. Chemistry & Biology, 19(7), 792–798.
Kusari & Spiteller (2012). Metabolomics of endophytic fungi producing associated plant secondary metabolites: progress, challenges and opportunities U. Roessner (Ed.), Metabolomics, InTech, Rijeka, Croatia, pp. 241–266.
Kusari, S., Zühlke, S., & Spiteller, M. (2009). An endophytic fungus from Camptotheca acuminata that produces camptothecin and analogues. Journal of Natural Products, 72(1), 2–7.
Lewis, D. H. (1985). Symbiosis and mutualism: crisp concepts and soggy semantics. In: Boucher, D. H., (ed). The biology of mutualism. London, UK: Croom Helm Ltd, 29–39.
Limtong, S., Kaewwichian, R., Yongmanitchai, W., & Kawasaki, H. (2014). Diversity of culturable yeasts in phylloplane of sugarcane in Thailand and their capability to produce indole-3-acetic acid. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(6), 1785–1796.
Lindow, S. E., & Brandl, M. T. (2003). Microbiology of the phyllosphere. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69(4), 1875–1883.
Liu, X., Dong, M., Chen, X., Jiang, M., Lv, X., & Yan, G. (2007). Antioxidant activity and phenolics of an endophytic Xylaria sp. from Ginkgo biloba. Food Chemistry, 105(2), 548–554.
Lodge, D. J., Fisher, P., & Sutton, B. (1996). Endophytic fungi of Manilkara bidentata leaves in Puerto Rico. Mycologia, 88, 733–738.
Maheshwari, R. (2006). What is an endophytic fungus. Current Science, 90(10), 1309.
Müller, C. B., & Krauss, J. (2005). Symbiosis between grasses and asexual fungal endophytes. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 8(4), 450–456.
Nilsson, R. H., Kristiansson, E., Ryberg, M., Hallenberg, N., & Larsson, K.-H. (2008). Intraspecific ITS variability in the kingdom Fungi as expressed in the international sequence databases and ITS implications for molecular species identification. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, 4, S653.
Numan, M., Bashir, S., Khan, Y., Mumtaz, R., Shinwari, Z. K., Khan, A. L., … Ahmed, A.-H. (2018). Plant growth promoting Bacteria as an alternative strategy for salt tolerance in plants: A review. Microbiological Research, 209, 21.
Patel, J. B. (2001). 16S rRNA gene sequencing for bacterial pathogen identification in the clinical laboratory. Molecular Diagnosis, 6(4), 313–321.
Petrini, O., Sieber, T. N., Toti, L., & Viret, O. (1993). Ecology, metabolite production, and substrate utilization in endophytic fungi. Natural Toxins, 1(3), 185–196.
Pirozynski, K., & Malloch, D. (1975). The origin of land plants: A matter of mycotrophism. Biosystems, 6(3), 153–164.
Porras-Alfaro, A., Herrera, J., Sinsabaugh, R. L., Odenbach, K. J., Lowrey, T., & Natvig, D. O. (2008). Novel root fungal consortium associated with a dominant desert grass. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 74(9), 2805–2813.
Raja, H. A., Miller, A. N., Pearce, C. J., & Oberlies, N. H. (2017). Fungal identification using molecular tools: A primer for the natural products research community. Journal of Natural Products, 80(3), 756–770.
Redecker, D., Kodner, R., & Graham, L. E. (2000). Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science, 289(5486), 1920–1921.
Robert-Seilaniantz, A., Navarro, L., Bari, R., & Jones, J. D. (2007). Pathological hormone imbalances. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 10(4), 372–379.
Rodriguez, R. J., Henson, J., Van Volkenburgh, E., Hoy, M., Wright, L., Beckwith, F., … Redman, R. S. (2008). Stress tolerance in plants via habitat-adapted symbiosis. The ISME Journal, 2(4), 404.
Rosconi, F., Davyt, D., Martínez, V., Martínez, M., Abin-Carriquiry, J. A., Zane, H., … Fabiano, E. (2013). Identification and structural characterization of serobactins, a suite of lipopeptide siderophores produced by the grass endophyte H erbaspirillum seropedicae. Environmental Microbiology, 15(3), 916–927.
Rowan, D. D., Latch, G. C., Bacon, C., & White, J. (1994). Utilization of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrasses for increased insect resistance. In Biotechnology of endophytic fungi of grasses (pp. 169–183). Boca Raton, London/New York: CRC Press.
Rozpądek, P., Wężowicz, K., Nosek, M., Ważny, R., Tokarz, K., Lembicz, M., … Turnau, K. (2015). The fungal endophyte Epichloë typhina improves photosynthesis efficiency of its host orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata). Planta, 242(4), 1025–1035.
Sabat, A. J., Zanten, E., Akkerboom, V., Wisselink, G., Slochteren, K., Boer, R. F., … Kooistra-Smid, A. M. M. (2017). Targeted next-generation sequencing of the 16S-23S rRNA region for culture-independent bacterial identification-increased discrimination of closely related species. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 3434.
Saikkonen, K., Wäli, P., Helander, M., & Faeth, S. H. (2004). Evolution of endophyte–plant symbioses. Trends in Plant Science, 9(6), 275–280.
Sakayaroj, J., Preedanon, S., Supaphon, O., Jones, E. G., & Phongpaichit, S. (2010). Phylogenetic diversity of endophyte assemblages associated with the tropical seagrass Enhalus acoroides in Thailand. Fungal Diversity, 42(1), 27–45.
Santamaría, J., & Bayman, P. (2005). Fungal epiphytes and endophytes of coffee leaves (Coffea arabica). Microbial Ecology, 50(1), 1–8.
Sapp, J. (2004). The dynamics of symbiosis: An historical overview. Canadian Journal of Botany, 82(8), 1046–1056.
Schulz, B., & Boyle, C. (2005). The endophytic continuum. Mycological Research, 109(6), 661–686.
Sessitsch, A., Hardoim, P., Döring, J., Weilharter, A., Krause, A., Woyke, T., … Rahalkar, M. (2012). Functional characteristics of an endophyte community colonizing rice roots as revealed by metagenomic analysis. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 25(1), 28–36.
Shahzad, R., Waqas, M., Khan, A. L., Asaf, S., Khan, M. A., Kang, S.-M., … Lee, I.-J. (2016). Seed-borne endophytic Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RWL-1 produces gibberellins and regulates endogenous phytohormones of Oryza sativa. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 106, 236–243.
Soussi, A., Ferjani, R., Marasco, R., Guesmi, A., Cherif, H., Rolli, E., … Cherif, A. (2016). Plant-associated microbiomes in arid lands: Diversity, ecology and biotechnological potential. Plant and Soil, 405(1–2), 357–370.
Stierle, A., Strobel, G., & Stierle, D. (1993). Taxol and taxane production by Taxomyces andreanae, an endophytic fungus of Pacific yew. Science, 260(5105), 214–216.
Stone, J. K., Bacon, C. W., & White, J. F. (2000). An overview of endophytic mibrobes: Endophytism defined. In: Microbial Endophytes. Bacon, C. W., & White, J. F. (eds.). Marcel Dekker, New York, p. 3–30.
Strobel, G. A. (2003). Endophytes as sources of bioactive products. Microbes and Infection, 5(6), 535–544.
Sun, P.-F., Fang, W.-T., Shin, L.-Y., Wei, J.-Y., Fu, S.-F., & Chou, J.-Y. (2014). Indole-3-acetic acid-producing yeasts in the phyllosphere of the carnivorous plant Drosera indica L. PLoS One, 9(12), e114196.
Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Lu, X., Okane, I., & Kakishima, M. (2011). Endophytic fungi associated with two Suaeda species growing in alkaline soil in China. Mycosphere, 2(3), 239–248.
Sunitha, V., Nirmala Devi, D., & Srinivas, C. (2013). Extracellular enzymatic activity of endophytic fungal strains isolated from medicinal plants. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(1), 1–9.
Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30(12), 2725–2729.
Tolera, M., Sass-Klaassen, U., Eshete, A., Bongers, F., & Sterck, F. J. (2013). Frankincense tree recruitment failed over the past half century. Forest Ecology and Management, 304, 65–72.
Tsavkelova, E., Oeser, B., Oren-Young, L., Israeli, M., Sasson, Y., Tudzynski, B., & Sharon, A. (2012). Identification and functional characterization of indole-3-acetamide-mediated IAA biosynthesis in plant-associated Fusarium species. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 49(1), 48–57.
Van Der Heijden, M. G., Bardgett, R. D., & Van Straalen, N. M. (2008). The unseen majority: Soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 11(3), 296–310.
Voříšková, J., & Baldrian, P. (2013). Fungal community on decomposing leaf litter undergoes rapid successional changes. The ISME Journal, 7(3), 477.
Wennstrom, A. (1994). Endophyte: the misuse of an old term. Oikos, 71, 535–536.
White, J. F., Jr., & Torres, M. S. (2010). Is plant endophyte-mediated defensive mutualism the result of oxidative stress protection? Physiologia Plantarum, 138(4), 440–446.
Wilson, T. M. (1993). Strategies to protect crop plants against viruses: Pathogen-derived resistance blossoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 90(8), 3134–3141.
Wingender, G., Stepniak, D., Krebs, P., Lin, L., McBride, S., Wei, B., … Kronenberg, M. (2012). Intestinal microbes affect phenotypes and functions of invariant natural killer T cells in mice. Gastroenterology, 143(2), 418–428.
Woo, P., Lau, S., Teng, J., Tse, H., & Yuen, K.-Y. (2008). Then and now: Use of 16S rDNA gene sequencing for bacterial identification and discovery of novel bacteria in clinical microbiology laboratories. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 14(10), 908–934.
Xu, M., Sheng, J., Chen, L., Men, Y., Gan, L., Guo, S., & Shen, L. (2014). Bacterial community compositions of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) seeds and plant growth promoting activity of ACC deaminase producing Bacillus subtilis (HYT-12-1) on tomato seedlings. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 30(3), 835–845.
Yan, J., Broughton, S., Yang, S., & Gange, A. (2015). Do endophytic fungi grow through their hosts systemically? Fungal Ecology, 13, 53–59.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Al-Harrasi, A., Khan, A.L., Asaf, S., Al-Rawahi, A. (2019). Endophytic Microbial Communities of Boswellia. In: Biology of Genus Boswellia. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16725-7_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16725-7_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16724-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16725-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)