Abstract
In the book’s conclusion, there is an overview of works by several selected historians dealing with the significance and importance of the Avar siege. The significance of the siege is commented on from several points of view, particularly the military, political, and ideological perspectives. The outcomes of this attack—which influenced the relationships between the Eastern Roman Empire, Avars, and Slavs—are discussed. The significance of this event is then dwelt upon in the context of creating the Byzantine identity and particularly accentuating the establishment of the Feast of Akathistos in the Byzantine liturgy, which fixated the memory of the Avar attack in Byzantium itself as well as in a newly transformed form in the countries of the Byzantine oikumene following that empire’s collapse.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Tevjashov 1914, 229.
- 2.
Borovskiy 1988, 114–119.
- 3.
Synopsis chronike, 108.19; Theodore Skoutariotes, 2199, 122.8.
- 4.
Konstantin Manasi, 133. n. 18. Cf. also Dujčev 1972, 112–113.
- 5.
Borovskiy 1988, 117.
- 6.
Finlay 1877, 337.
- 7.
Lemerle 1960, 348.
- 8.
Gibbon 1788, 518–521.
- 9.
Drapeyron 1869, 220, 239.
- 10.
Bury 1889, 241.
- 11.
Mordtmann 1903, 28.
- 12.
Stratos 1968, 173.
- 13.
Kaegi 2003, 141.
- 14.
Tsangadas 1980, 85.
- 15.
Howard-Johnston 1995, 131 and 2010, 65.
- 16.
Kaegi 2003, 147; cf. also Meško 2016, 119–134.
- 17.
Finlay 1877, 337.
- 18.
Vida 2008, 31.
- 19.
Bóna 2000, 166; Curta 2015, 70–75.
- 20.
For various calculations, cf. Kovačević 1977, 150; Kiss 1986, 109; Pohl 1988, 280–281 and n. 32; Göckenjan 1993, 284 and Hardt 2003, 99–100.
- 21.
Theophylaktos Simokattes, 1.3.7, 45.12–13.
- 22.
Kovačević 1977, 151. For the circulation of the Byzantine gold coins before and after 626, cf. Somogyi 2008 96–100 (Figures 1–5).
- 23.
Nikephoros, 21, 70.32–36.
- 24.
Nikephoros, 24, 72.8–18.
- 25.
Pohl 1988, 13.
- 26.
Theophanes, 356.2–6; Nikephoros 34, 86.30–37.
- 27.
Nicholas Mystikos 10, 70.20–45.
- 28.
Barišić 1954, 394.
- 29.
Cf. Koder 2004, 408–419.
- 30.
Frolow 1944, 97 and 118.
- 31.
Brown 1973, 21–22; Meier 2003, 527.
- 32.
Doukas, 36.4, 317.
Bibliography
Primary Sources
Doukas. 1958. Istoria Turco-Byzantina 1341–1462. ed. Vasile Grecu. (Scriptores Byzantini 1). Bucuresti: Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Române.
Konstantin Manasi. 1922. Cronica. eds. Ioan Bogdan and Ioan Bianu. Bucharest: Socec.
Nicholas Mystikos. 1973. Epistola 10. eds. Romily J. H. Jenkins and Leendert G. Westerink. In Nicholas I Patriarch of Constantinople. Letters, Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 68–73.
Nikephoros. 1990. Short History. ed. Cyril. Mango. (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantine 13). Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
Synopsis Chronike. 1894. ed. Konstantinos N. Sathas. In Μεσαιωνικὴ Βιβλιοθήκη, VII. Paris: Jean Maisonneuve. 1–556.
Theodore Skoutariotes. 2015. Chronica. ed. Raimondo Tocci. (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae, Series Berolinensis 46). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Theophanes. 1883. Chronographia. ed. Carolus De Boor. vol. 1. Leipzig: Teubner.
Theophylaktos Simokattes. 1887. Historiae. ed. Carolus De Boor. Leipzig: Teubner.
Secondary Sources
Barišić, Franjo. 1954. Le siège de Constantinople par les Avares et les Slaves. Byzantion 24: 371–395.
Bóna, István. 2000. Die Awarenfeldzüge und der Untergang der byzantinischen Provinzen an der unteren Donau. In Kontakte zwischen Iran, Byzanz und der Steppe in 6.–7. Jh. (Varia Archaelogica Hungarica IX), ed. Csanád Bálint, 163–183. Budapest: Archäologisches Institut der UAW.
Borovskiy, Jaroslav Evgenevich. 1988. Византийские, старославянские и старогрузинские источники о походе русов в VII в. на Царьград. In Древности славян и Руси, 114–119. Москва: Наука.
Brown, Peter. 1973. A Dark Age Crisis: Aspects of the Iconoclastic Controversy. English Historical Review 88: 1–34.
Bury, John Bagnell. 1899. A History of the Eastern Roman Empire from the Fall of Irene to the Accession of Basil I (802–867). London: Macmillan.
Curta, Florin. 2015. Avar Blitzkrieg, Slavic and Bulgar Raiders, and Roman Special Ops: Mobile Warriors in the Sixth Century Balkans. In Central Eurasia in the Middle Ages. Studies in Honour of Peter B. Golden, eds. István Zimonyi, and Osman Karatay, 69–89. Leiden: Brill.
Drapeyron, Ludovic. 1869. L’empereur Héraclius et l’empire byzantin au VIIe siècle. Paris: E. Thorin.
Dujčev, Ivan. 1972. Славяни-скити. In Българско средновековие. Проучвания върху политическата и културната история на средновековна България София: Издателство Наука и изкуство.
Finlay, George. 1877. A History of Greece from the Roman Conquest to the Present Time. Bc. 146 to A.D. 1864. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Frolow, Anatole. 1944. La dédicace de Constantinople dans la tradition byzantine. Revue de l’ histoire des religions 127: 61–127.
Gibbon, Edward. 1788. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Volume the Fourth. London: Strahan and Cadell.
Göckenjan, Hansgerd. 1993. Die Landnahme der Awaren aus historischen Sicht. In Ausgewählte Probleme europäischer Landnahmen des Früh- und Hochmittelalters. Methodische Grundlagendiskussion im Grenzbereich zwischen Archäologie und Geschichte (Vorträge und Forschungen, Bd. 41, 11), eds. Michael Müller-Wille und Reinhard Schneider, 275–302. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.
Hardt, Matthias. 2003. The Nomad’s Greed for Gold: From the Fall of the Burgundians to the Avar Treasure. In The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts, eds. Richard Corradini, Max Diesenberger, and Helmut Reimitz (The Transformation of the Roman World 12), 95–107. Boston, MA: Brill.
Howard-Johnston, James. 1995. The Siege of Constantinople in 626. In Constantinople and its Hinterland. Papers from the Twenty-Seventh Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Oxford, April 1993, eds. Cyril Mango, and Gilbert Dagron, 131–142. Aldershot: Ashgate.
———. 2010. The Sasanian’s Strategic Dilemma. In Commutatio et contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East, eds. Henning Börm and Jozef Wiesehöfer, 37–70. Düsseldorf: Wellem-Verlag.
Kaegi, Walter. 2003. Heraclius – Emperor of Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiss, Attila. 1986. Die Goldfunde des Karpatenbeckens von 5.–10. Jahrhundert. Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 38: 105–145.
Koder, Johannes. 2004. Überlegungen zur Idee der Oikumene in Byzanz. In Wiener Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik. Beiträge zum Symposion Vierzig Jahre Institut für Byzantinistik und Neogräzistik der Universität Wien im Gedenken an Herbert Hunger (Wien, 4.–7. Dezember 2002), ed. Wolfram Hörander, Johannes Koder and Maria. A. Stassinopoulu, 408–419. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
Kovačević, Jovan. 1977. Аварски каганат. Београд: Српска књижевна задруга.
Lemerle, Paul. 1960. Quelques remarques sur le regne d’ Heraclius. Studi medievali 3: 347–361.
Meier, Mischa. 2003. Das andere Zeitalter Justinians. Kontigenzerfahrung und Kontingenzbewältigung im 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (Hypomnemata 147). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
Meško, Marek. 2016. How to Reverse Decline of an Empire? Two Byzantine Case Studies: Heraclius and Alexios Komnenos. Graeco-Latina Brunensia 21: 119–134.
Mordtmann, Andreas. 1903. Die Avaren und Perser vor Konstantinopel. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Exkursions–Klub in Konstantinopel 5: 15–28.
Pohl, Walter. 1988. Die Awaren. Ein Steppenvolk in Mitteleuropa 567–822. München: C. H. Beck.
Somogyi, Péter. 2008. New Remarks on the Flow of Byzantine Coins in Avaria and Wallachia During the Second Half of the Seventh Century. In The Other Europe in the Middle Ages – Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, ed. Florin Curta, 83–149. Leiden – Boston – New York: Brill.
Stratos, Andreas N. 1968. Byzantium in the Seventh Century. Volume I. Amsterdam: Hakkert.
Tevyashov, E. E. 1914. Осада Константинополя аварами и славянами в 626 г. Zhurnal Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya 52: 229–235.
Tsangadas, Byron C. P. 1980. Fortifications and Defense of Constantinople (= East European Monographs no. LXXI), New York: Columbia University Press.
Vida, Tivadar. 2008. Conflict and Coexistence. The Local Population of the Carpathian Basin under Avar Rule (Sixth to Seventh Century). In The Other Europe in the Middle Ages – Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans, ed. Florin Curta, 13–46. Leiden: Brill.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hurbanič, M. (2019). Conclusion. In: The Avar Siege of Constantinople in 626. New Approaches to Byzantine History and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16684-7_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16683-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16684-7
eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)