Abstract
It is hard to isolate any one factor and assert that it invariably causes deviance/offence by children. It relies on a mix of individual traits, family experiences, school experiences, peer influences and the community where he or she lives. The empirical results and the secondary literature suggest, however, that lack of attachment, a negative environment and wrong role models which children observe and experience in life have an adverse influence on them, contributing to their growth and maturation into unacceptable behaviour. By contrast, if children remain attached to their family, school and community they are less likely to be lured into deviant behaviour. A self-account of the children in conflict with the law has been presented in this chapter, highlighting the factors that pushed and pulled them to deviant behaviors and how they ended up in detention centres.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
He is a Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology and Epidemiology at the Western Psychiatric Institute in the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
- 2.
Marva Delores Collins is an American educator who started Westside Preparatory School in the impoverished in Chicago in 1975. She is known for applying classical education in particular the Socratic Method, modified for use in primary schools, successfully with impoverished students.
References
Arnold, B. (1989). Ad populum argumentation in criminology juvenile diversion as rhetoric. Crime & Delinquency, 30(4), 624–647.
Baker, R. L., & Mednick, B. R. (1984). Influences on human development: A longitudinal perspective. Boston and Hingham: Kluwer-Nijhoff Publishers.
Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical perspectives of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. New York: Prentice Hall.
Bank, L., & Burraston, B. (2001). Abusive home environments as predictors of poor adjustment during adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Community Psychology, 29(3), 195–217.
Brody, G. H., et al. (2001). The influence of neighbourhood disadvantage, collective socialization and parenting on African American children’s affiliation with deviant peers. Child Development, 72(4), 1231–1248.
Cantor, M. J., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, K. L., & Christensen, B. (2005). Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on in sexual offenders. Psychological Bulletin, 131(5), 661.
Cashwell, C. S., & Vace, N. A. (1996). Family functioning and risk behaviours: Influence on adolescent delinquency. School Counselor, 4, 105–114.
Census of India. (2011). Provisional population totals 2011. Retrieved from http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011.
Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Crabbe, T. (2006). Knowing the score, positive futures case study research: Final report. London: Home Office.
Davidson, J. (2017) Media influence on juvenile delinquency. Retrieved from http://oureverydaylife.com/media-influences-juvenile-delinquency-15299.html.
District Information System for Education (DISE). (2013). Elementary education in India: Progress towards UEE, Flash Statistics-2012–13. New Delhi: National University of Educational Planning and Administration (NUEPA).
Eddy, J. M., & Reid, J. B. (2002). The antisocial behaviour of the adolescent children of incarcerated parents: A developmental perspective. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
Elliott, D. S. (1994). Serious violent offenders: Onset, developmental course, and termination. Criminology, 32, 1–21.
Ennis, C. D. (1999). Creating a culturally relevant curriculum for disengaged girls. Sport, Education and Society, 4(1), 31–49.
Farrington, D. (1989). Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims, 4, 79–100.
Fisher, C. B., & Johnson, B. I. (1990). Getting mad at mom and dad: Children’s changing views of family conflict. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 3(1), 31–48.
Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002). Father involvement in childhood and trouble with police in adolescence: Findings from the 1958 British cohort. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17(6), 689–701.
Furstenberg, F. F., & Winquist, C. N. (1984). Parenting apart: Patterns of child rearing after marriage disruption. Journal of Marriage and Family, 42(4), 89–903.
Galambos, N. L., & Almeida, D. M. (1992). Examining father involvement and the quality of father adolescent relations. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 1(2), 155–172.
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unravelling juvenile delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. T. (1962). Family environment and delinquency. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., Loeber, R., & Henry, D. B. (1998). Relation of family problems to patterns of delinquent involvement among urban youth. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26(5), 319–333.
Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Guay, J. P., Ouimet, M., & Proulx, J. (2005). On intelligence and crime: A comparison of incarcerated sex offenders and serious non-sexual violent criminals. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 405–417.
Hawkins, D., Farrington, P. D., Loeber, R., & Elliott, S. D. (1990). Advancing knowledge about the onset of delinquency and crime. Advance in Clinical Child Psychology, 13, 283–242.
Hawkins, J. D., Herrenkohl, T. I., Farrington, D. P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R. F., Harachi, T. W., et al. (2000). Predictors of youth violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: Department of Justice.
Hayes, S., & McIIwain, D. (1988). The prevalence of intellectual disability in the NSW prison population: An empirical study. Report to the Criminology Research Council, Canberra.
Hellison, D. R. (1995). Teaching responsibility through physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Herrenkohl, T. I., David Hawkins, J., Chung, I.-J., Hill, K. G., & Battin-Pearson, S. (2001). School and community risk factors and interventions. In R. Loeber & D. P. Farrington (Eds.), Child delinquents: Development, interventions and service needs. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Hollist, D. R., Hughes, L. A., & Schaible, L. M. (2009). Adolescent maltreatment, negative emotion, and delinquency: An assessment of general strain theory and family-based strain. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(5), 379–387.
Jensen, G. F. (2003). Gender variation in delinquency: Self-images, beliefs and peers as mediating mechanisms. In R. L. Akers & G. F. Jensen (Eds.), Social Learning Theory and the explanation of crime. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Juby, H., & Farrington, D. P. (2001). Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency: Socio-demography, ethnicity and risk behaviours. Journal of Criminology, 41(1), 22–40.
Kandel, D. B., Rosenbaum, E., & Chen, K. (1994). Impact of maternal drug use and life experiences on preadolescent children born to teenage mothers. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 325–340.
Karen, L. K. (1995). Violent children (Contemporary World Issues). Philadelphia: ABC-CLIO.
Kim, J. E., Hetherington, E. M., & Reiss, D. (1999). Associations among family relationships, antisocial peers, and adolescents’ externalizing behaviours: Gender and family type differences. Child Development, 70, 1209–1230.
Larson, A., & Silverman, S. J. (2005). Rationales and practices used by caring physical education teachers. Sport, Education and Society, 10(2), 175–194.
Lawrence, R. (2007). School crime and juvenile justice. Criminal Justice Review, 32, 337–338.
Lerner, R. M. (1982). Children and adolescents as producers of their own development. Development Review, 2, 342–370.
Lerner, R. M. (1986). Concepts and theories of human development (2nd ed.). New York: Random House.
Lerner, R. M. (1991). Changing organism-context relations as the basic process of development: A developmental contextual perspective. Developmental Psychology, 27, 27–32.
Lerner, R. M., Castellino, D. R., Terry, P. A., Villarruel, F. A., & McKinney, M. H. (1995). A developmental contextual perspective on parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Biology and ecology of parenting (Vol. 2, pp. 285–309). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Lipsey, M. W. (1992). Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. In D. Cook, H. Cooper, D. S. Cordray, H. Hartmann, L. V. Hedges, R. J. Light, T. A. Louis, & F. Mosteller (Eds.), Meta-analysis for explanation: A casebook. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Loeber, R., Huizinga, D. H., & Thornberry, T. (1996). Programme of research on the causes and correlates of delinquency. Annual Report 1995–96 presented to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, No. NCJ 1170562.
Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In M. Tony & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice (pp. 29–149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Martinek, T., Schilling, T., & Hellison, D. (2006). The development of compassionate and caring leadership among adolescents. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 11(2), 141–157.
McCord, J. (1979). Some child rearing antecedents of criminal behaviour in adult men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(9), 1477–1486.
McCord, J., Widom, C. S., & Nancy, C. A. (2001). Juvenile crime, Juvenile Justice Panel on juvenile crime prevention, treatment and control. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine of National Academies.
Miller, K. S., & Knutson, J. F. (1997). Reports of severe physical punishment and exposure to animal cruelty by inmates convicted of felonies and by university students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 59–82.
Moffitt, T. (1993). Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behaviour: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review, 100, 674–701.
Moriaty, N., Stough, C., Tidmarsh, P., Eger, D., & Dennison, S. (2001). Deficits in emotional intelligence underlying adolescent sex offending. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 743–751.
Morris, L., Sallybanks, J., & Willis, K. (2003). Sport, physical activity and antisocial behaviour in youth. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
Nelson, C. M., Rutherford, R. B., & Wolford, B. (Eds.). (1996). Developing comprehensive system that work for troubled youth. Richmond, KY: National Juvenile Detention Association.
Nichols, G. (1997). A consideration of why active participation in sport and leisure might reduce criminal behaviour. Sport, Education and Society, 2(2), 181–190.
Patchin, W. J. (2006). The family context of childhood delinquency. New York: LFB Scholarly Publishing.
Priest, S., & Gass, M. (1997). Effective leadership in adventure programming. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Rideout, V. J., Roberts, D. F., & Foehr, U. G. (2005). Media in the lives of 8–18 year-olds. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
Sampson, R. J. (1997). Collective regulation of adolescent misbehaviour: Validation results from eight Chicago neighbourhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 227–244.
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Shagle, S. C., & Barber, B. K. (1993). Effects of family, marital and parent-child conflict on adolescent self-derogation and suicidal ideation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 964–974.
Siedentop, D. (Ed.). (1994). Sport education: Quality PE through positive sport experiences. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Simons, R. L., & Johnson, C. (1996). Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structures on adolescent problem behavior. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24(1), 145–171.
Simons, R. L., Les, B., Conger, D., & Katherine, J. C. (1991). Parenting factors, social skills, and value commitments as precursors to school failure, involvements with deviant peers, and delinquent behaviour. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(6), 645–664.
Steinberg, L. (2004). Risk taking in adolescence: What changes, and why? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1021, 51–58.
Taylor, I., Walton, P., & Young, J. (1973). Review symposium: 4. Rejoinder to criminology. The British Journal of Criminology, 13, 400–403. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046492.
Teasdale, B., & Silver, E. (2009). Neighbourhoods and self-control: Toward an expanded view of socialization. Social Problems, 56(1), 205–222.
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). (2015). Annual report, 2014–2015. New Delhi: TRAI.
Thakur, Y., & Khokhar, C. P. (2001). Mass media and children. Psycho-lingua, 31, 135–138.
Thorn, D. A. (1924). Habit clinics for the child of pre-school age: Their organization and practical value. U. S. Children’s Bureau Pub. No. 135.
Thornberry, T. P., & Krohn, M. D. (2003). Taking stock of delinquency: An overview of finding from Contemporary longitudinal studies. New York, NY: Kluwer/Plenum Publishers.
Thornberry, T. P., Smith, C. A., Rivera, C., Huizinga, D., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1999). Family disruption and delinquency. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Wallace, J. M., Jr., & Bachman, J. G. (1991). Explaining racial/ethnic differences in adolescent drug use: The impact of background and life style. Social Problems, 38, 333–357.
Warr, M. (2002). Companions in crime: The societal aspects of criminal conduct. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Weatherburn, D. (2001). What causes crime? Crime and Justice Bulletin, 54, 9–10.
Wells, L. E., & Rankin, J. H. (1988). Direct parental controls and delinquency. Criminology, 26, 263–285.
Welte, J., & Wieczorek, W. (1999). Alcohol, intelligence and violent behaviour in young males. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(3), 309–319.
West, J. D., & Farrington, P. D. (1977). The delinquent way of life: Third report of the Cambridge study in delinquent development. London: Heinermann Educational Books.
Wikstrom, P.-O. H. (2006). Individuals, setting, and acts of crime: Situational mechanisms and eh explanation of crime. In P.-O. H. Wikstrom & R. J. Sampson (Eds.), The explanation of crime: Context, mechanisms and development (pp. 61–107). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wright, K. N., & Wright, K. E. (1994). Family life, delinquency, and crime: A policymakers guide. Research summary. Washington, DC: OJJDP.
Zachariah, K. C., & Irudaya Rajan, S. (2007). Migration, remittances and employment: Short-term trends and long-term implications. Thiruvananthapuram: CDS.
Zachariah, K. C., & Irudaya Rajan, S. (2009). Migration and development: The Kerala experience. New Delhi: Daanish Publishers.
Zachariah, K. C., & Irudaya Rajan, S. (2015). Dynamics of emigration and remittances in Kerala: Results from the Kerala Migration Survey 2014. Thiruvananthapuram: CDS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Parackal, S., Panicker, R. (2019). Factors Predisposing Children to Offences. In: Children and Crime in India. Palgrave Advances in Criminology and Criminal Justice in Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16589-5_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16589-5_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16588-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16589-5
eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)