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Introduction to Mutation Testing

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Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer: Management Strategies for Nurses and Practitioners

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Abstract

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer related mortality in the United States, with 142,670 deaths anticipated in 2019 [1]. Lung cancer incidence continues to decline with 228,150 estimated new cases in 2019. The decline of case in males is twice the number compared to females, which may be related to tobacco consumption and smoking cessation patterns [2]. Mortality rates from lung cancer remain substantial despite significant advances in the field of cancer treatment in recent years. Historically, chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of treatment for NSCLC, with treatment decisions based empirically on tumor histology. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies two classifications of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [3–5]. SCLC accounts for approximately 10–15% of all lung cancers and is often directly related to tobacco smoking [1]. NSCLC accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer cases with associated histologies that include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and large cell carcinoma [4]. Adenocarcinoma makes up over 50% of NSCLC [6]. In 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated their lung cancer classifications based upon molecular profiles and genetic alterations. It is recommended that pathologists categorize lung cancer into adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma secondary to targetable driver genetic alterations. Adenocarcinoma markers include TTF-1 and Napsin 1. Squamous cell carcinoma markers include p40, CK5/6, and p63. Adenocarcinoma is classified by the extent of invasiveness. There are also variants of invasive carcinoma including invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA), which replaced mucinous bronchi alveolar carcinoma (BAC). Squamous cell carcinomas are classified into keratinizing, non-keratinizing, and basaloid [3–5].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale-New Haven, New Haven, CT, USA

    Vanna Dest & Kathryn Medow

Authors
  1. Vanna Dest
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  2. Kathryn Medow
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Correspondence to Kathryn Medow .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Nursing, New Haven, CT, USA

    Marianne Davies

  2. Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Beth Eaby-Sandy

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Dest, V., Medow, K. (2019). Introduction to Mutation Testing. In: Davies, M., Eaby-Sandy, B. (eds) Targeted Therapies in Lung Cancer: Management Strategies for Nurses and Practitioners. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16550-5_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16550-5_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16549-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16550-5

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