Abstract
Invertebrate scavengers of terrestrial and aquatic carrion include a broad and enormously diverse grouping of various arthropods, nematodes, and molluscs. By far the most functionally important in terrestrial ecosystems are insects, especially the flies, with crustaceans performing this role in marine ecosystems, although a multi-trophic foodweb of numerous invertebrate taxa can be found at most carcasses in most environments. The occurrence of different taxa, and the dynamics of their colonization and various competitive interactions varies across terrestrial and aquatic realms, and is greatly influenced by geographic region, climate, habitat, season, and other biotic factors. This sub-chapter focuses on the invertebrate use of carrion in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and highlights the role of different groups of invertebrates, and the biotic and abiotic factors that influence their occurrence and succession at decaying carcasses.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Addy K, Green L (1997) Oxygen and temperature. Natural resources facts. University of Rhode Island Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet No. 96-3
Anderson GS (2000) Minimum and maximum developmental rates of some forensically significant Calliphoridae (Diptera). J Forensic Sci 45(4):824–832
Anderson GS (2005) Effects of arson on forensic entomology evidence. Can Soc Forensic Sci J 38(2):49–67
Anderson GS (2009) Factors that influence insect succession on carrion. In: Byrd J, Castner E (eds) Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 201–250
Anderson GS (2010) Decomposition and invertebrate colonization of cadavers in coastal marine environments. In: Amendt J, Campobasso CP, Grassberger M, Goff ML (eds) Current concepts in forensic entomology. Springer, Berlin
Anderson GS (2011) Comparison of decomposition rates and faunal colonization of carrion in indoor and outdoor environments. J Forensic Sci 56(1):136–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01539.x
Anderson GS, Bell LS (2014) Deep coastal marine taphonomy: investigation into carcass decomposition in the Saanich Inlet, British Columbia using a baited camera. PLoS One 9(10):e110710. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110710
Anderson GS, Bell LS (2016) Impact of marine submergence and season on faunal colonization and decomposition of pig carcasses in the Salish Sea. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0149107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149107
Anderson GS, Hobischak NR (2002) Determination of time of death for humans discovered in saltwater using aquatic organism succession and decomposition rates. Canadian Police Research Centre, Technical Report., Ottawa, ON
Anderson GS, Hobischak NR (2004) Decomposition of carrion in the marine environment in British Columbia, Canada. Int J Legal Med 118(4):206–209
Anderson GS, VanLaerhoven SL (1996) Initial studies on insect succession on carrion in southwestern British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 41(4):617–625
Angioy AM, Stensmyr MC, Urru I, Puliafito M, Collu I, Hansson BS (2004) Function of the heater: the dead horse arum revisited. Proc Biol Sci 271(Suppl 3):S13–S15. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0111
Anton E, Niederegger S, Beutel RG (2011) Beetles and flies collected on pig carrion in an experimental setting in Thuringia and their forensic implications. Med Vet Entomol 25(4):353–364
Archer MS (2000) Natural history observations of the native carrion beetle, Ptomaphila lacrymosa Schreibers (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Proc Royal Soc Vic 112:133–136
Archer MS (2002) The ecology of invertebrate associations with vertebrate carrion in Victoria, with reference to forensic entomology. University of Melbourne, Melbourne
Archer MS (2003) Annual variation in arrival and departure times of carrion insects at carcasses: implications for succession studies in forensic entomology. Austral J Zool 51(6):569–576. https://doi.org/10.1071/zo03053
Archer MS (2004) Rainfall and temperature effects on the decomposition rate of exposed neonatal remains. Sci Justice 44(1):35–41
Archer MS (2014) Comparative analysis of insect succession data from Victoria (Australia) using summary statistics vs. preceding mean ambient temperature models. J Forensic Sci 59:404–412
Barrios M, Wolff M (2011) Initial study of arthropods succession and pig carrion decomposition in two freshwater ecosystems in the Colombian Andes. Forensic Sci Int 212(1-3):164–172
Barton PS (2015) The role of carrion in ecosystems. In: Benbow ME, Tomberlin JK, Tarone AM (eds) Carrion ecology, evolution, and their applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 273–290. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18819-16
Barton PS, Cunningham SA, Macdonald BC, McIntyre S, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD (2013a) Species traits predict assemblage dynamics at ephemeral resource patches created by carrion. PLoS One 8(1):e53961
Barton PS, Cunningham SA, Lindenmayer DB, Manning AD (2013b) The role of carrion in maintaining biodiversity and ecological processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Oecologia 171:761–772
Barton PS, Cunningham SA, Manning AD, Gibb H, Lindenmayer DB, Didham RK (2013c) The spatial scaling of beta diversity. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 22(6):639–647
Barton PS, Weaver HJ, Manning AD (2014) Contrasting diversity dynamics of phoretic mites and beetles associated with vertebrate carrion. Exp Appl Acarol 63:1–13
Baz A, Cifrián B, Martín-Vega D, Baena M (2010) Phytophagous insects captured in carrion-baited traps in central Spain. Bull Insect 63:21–30
Blackith RE, Blackith RM (1990) Insect infestations of small corpses. J Nat Hist 24:699–709
Boggs CL, Dau B (2004) Resource specialization in puddling Lepidoptera. Environ Entomol 33(4):1020–1024
Bornemissza GF (1957) An analysis of arthropod succession in carrion and the effect of its decomposition on the soil fauna. Austral J Zool 5:1–12
Boyle S, Galloway A, Mason RT (1997) Human aquatic taphonomy in the Monterey Bay area. In: Haglund WD, Sorg MH (eds) Forensic taphonomy. The postmortem fate of human remains. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 605–613
Braack LEO (1987) Community dynamics of carrion-attendant arthropods in tropical African woodland. Oecologia 72(3):402–409
Braig HR, Perotti MA (2009) Carcasses and mites. Exp Appl Acarol 49(1-2):45–84
Britton JC, Morton B (1994) Marine carrion and scavengers. Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev 32:369–434
Brodie B, Gries R, Martins A, VanLaerhoven S, Gries G (2014) Bimodal cue complex signifies suitable oviposition sites to gravid females of the common green bottle fly. Entomol Exp Appl 153(2):114–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.12238
Brundage A, Benbow ME, Tomberlin JK (2014) Priority effects on the life-history traits of two carrion blow fly (Diptera, Calliphoridae) species. Ecol Entomol 39:539–547
Bucheli SR, Bytheway JA, Gangitano DA (2010) Necrophagous caterpillars provide human mtDNA evidence. J Forensic Sci 55(4):1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01379.x
Burkepile DE, Parker JD, Woodson CB, Mills HJ, Kubanek J, Sobecky PA, Hay ME (2006) Chemically mediated competition between microbes and animals: microbes as consumers in food webs. Ecology 87:2821–2831
Byrd JH, Castner JL (2001) Insects of forensic importance. In: Byrd JH, Castner JL (eds) Forensic entomology: the utility of arthoprods in legal investigations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 43–79. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420036947.ch2
Carter DO, Yellowlees D, Tibbett M (2007) Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Naturwissenschaften 94(1):12–24
Chaloner DT, Wipfi MS (2002) Influence of decomposing Pacific salmon carcasses on macroinvertebrate growth and standing stock in southeastern Alaska streams. N Am Benthol Soc 21(3):430–442
Chapman RF, Sankey JHP (1955) The larger invertebrate fauna of three rabbit carcasses. J Anim Ecol 24(2):395–402
Charabidze D, Bourel B, Gosset D (2011) Larval-mass effect: characterisation of heat emission by necrophageous blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larval aggregates. Forensic Sci Int 211(1-3):61–66
Chen C-P, Denlinger DL, Lee RE (1991) Seasonal VARIATION in generation time, diapause and cold hardiness in a central Ohio population of the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata. Ecol Entomol 16(2):155–162
Chin HC, Marwi MA, Salleh AFM, Jeffery J, Omar B (2007) A preliminary study of insect succession on a pig carcass in a palm oil plantation in Malaysia. Trop Biomed 24(2):23–27
Colless DH, McAlpine DK (1991) Diptera. In: Naumann ID (ed) The insects of Australia, vol 2, 2nd edn. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp 717–786
Colombini I, Chelazzi L (2003) Influence of marine allochthonous input on sandy beach communities. Oceanogr Mar Biol 41:115–159
Cummins KW (1974) Structure and function of stream ecosystems. Bioscience 24:631–641
Cummins KW, Klug MJ (1979) Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 10:147–172
Dahlgren TG, Wiklund H, Kallstrom B, Lundalv T, Smith CR, Glover AG (2006) A shallow-water whale-fall experiment in the north Atlantic. Cah Biol Mar 47:385–389
Davies L (1999) Seasonal and spatial changes in blowfly production from small and large carcasses at Durham in lowland northeast England. Med Vet Entomol 13(3):245–251
Denno RF, Cothran WR (1976) Competitive interaction and ecological strategies of sarcophagid and calliphorid flies inhabiting rabbit carrion. Ann Entomol Soc Am 69:109–113
Deonier CC (1940) Carcass temperatures and their relation to winter blowfly activity in the Southwest. J Econ Entomol 33(1):166–170
Dillon LC (1997) Insect succession on carrion in three biogeoclimatic zones in British Columbia. M.Sc., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC
Dillon LC, Anderson GS (1995) Forensic entomology: The use of insects in death investigations to determine elapsed time since death. Canadian Police Research Centre, TR-05-95, Ottawa, Ontario
Early M, Goff ML (1986) Arthropod succession patterns in exposed carrion on the island of O’ahu, Hawai’i. J Med Entomol 23:520–531
Easton AM (1966) The Coleoptera of a dead fox (Vulpes vulpes L.); including two species new to Britain. Entomol Mon Mag 102:205–210
Eggert A-K, Mulller JK (1997) Biparental care and social evolution in burying beetles: lesson from the larder. In: Choe JC, Crespi BC (eds) The evolution of social behaviour in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 216–236
Ellis RJ (1970) Alloperla stonefly nymphs: predators or scavengers on salmon eggs and alevins? Trans Am Fish Soc 4:677–683
Erikson CH, Resh VH, Lamberti BA (1996) Aquatic insect respiration. In: Merritt RW, Cummins KW (eds) An introduction to the aquatic insects of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Duboque, pp 29–40
Erzinclioglu YZ (1980) On the role of Trichocera larvae (Diptera: trichoceridae) in the decomposition of carrion in winter. Naturalist 105:133–134
Fenoglio ST, Agosta P, Cucco M (2005) Mass loss and macroinvertebrate colonisation of fish carcasses in riffles and pools of a NW Italian stream. Hydrobiologia 532:111–122
Fenoglio S, Merritt RW, Cummins KW (2014) Why do no specialized necrophagous species exist among aquatic insects? Freshwater Sci 33(3):711–715. https://doi.org/10.1086/677038
Fielding D, Newey S, van der Wal R, Irvine RJ (2014) Carcass provisioning to support scavengers: evaluating a controversial nature conservation practice. Ambio 43(6):810–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-013-0469-4
Fontaine B, Bouchet P, Vanachterberg K, Alonsozarazaga M, Araujo R, Asche M, Aspock U, Audisio P, Aukema B, Bailly N (2007) The European union’s 2010 target: Putting rare species in focus. Biol Conserv 139(1-2):167–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.06.012
Frederickx C, Dekeirsschieter J, Verheggen FJ, Haubruge E (2013) Host-habitat location by the parasitoid, nasonia vitripennis walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J Forensic Sci 59:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12267
Fujikura K, Fujiwara Y, Kawato M (2006) A new species of Osedax (Annelida : Siboglinidae) associated with whale carcasses off Kyushu, Japan. Zool Sci 23(8):733–740
Fuller ME (1934a) The insect inhabitants of carrion : a study in animal ecology. CSIRO Bull 82:5–62
Fuller ME (1934b) The early stages of Sciadocera rufomaculata White (Dipt. Phoridae). Proc Linnean Soc NSW 59:9–15
Fuller ME (1935) Notes on Australasian Anisopodidae (Diptera). Proc Linnaean Soc NSW 60:291–302
Gaston KJ (2000) Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature 405(6783):220–227
Gaston KJ, Lawton JH (1988) Patterns in the distribution and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331(6158):709–712
George KA, Archer MS, Toop T (2013) Abiotic environmental factors influencing blowfly colonisation patterns in the field. Forensic Sci Int 229(1-3):100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.033
Giller PS, Malmqvist B (1998) The biology of streams and rivers. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Glover AG, Kallstrom B, Smith CR, Dahlgren TG (2005) World-wide whale worms? A new species of Osedax from the shallow north Atlantic. Proc R Soc B 272(1581):2587–2592
Glover AG, Wiklund H, Taboada S, Avila C, Cristobo J, Smith CR, Kemp KM, Jamieson AJ, Dahlgren TG (2013) Bone-eating worms from the Antarctic: the contrasting fate of whale and wood remains on the Southern Ocean seafloor. Proc Biol Sci 280(1768):20131390. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1390
Goddard J, Lago PK (1985) Notes on blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) succession on carrion in Northern Mississippi. J Entomol Sci 20:312–317
Grassberger M, Frank C (2003) Temperature-related development of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis as forensic indicator. Med Vet Entomol 17(3):257–262
Haefner JN, Wallace JR, Merritt RW (2004) Pig decomposition in lotic aquatic systems: the potential use of algal growth in establishing a postmortem submersion interval (PMSI). J Forensic Sci 49(2):330–336
Haglund WD (1993) Disappearance of soft tissue and the disarticulation of human remains from aqueous environments. J Forensic Sci 38:806–815
Hanski I (1987a) Carrion fly community dynamics: patchiness, seasonality and coexistence. Ecol Entomol 12(3):257–266
Hanski I (1987b) Nutritional ecology of dung- and carrion-feeding insects. In: Slanky F, Rodriguez J (eds) Nutritional ecology of insects, mites, and spiders. Wiley, New York, pp 837–884
Haskell NH, McShaffrey DG, Hawley DA, Williams RE, Pless JE (1989) Use of aquatic insects in determining submersion interval. J Forensic Sci 34:622–632
Hinton HE (1963) A monograph of the beetles associated with stored products, vol 1. Johnston Reprint Corporation, London
Hobischak NR (1997) Freshwater invertebrate succession and decompositional studies on carrion in British Columbia. M.P.M., Simon Fraser University, Burnaby
Hobischak NR, Anderson GS (2002) Time of submergence using aquatic invertebrate succession and decompositional changes. J Forensic Sci 47(1):142–151
Hobson RP (1932) Studies on the nutrition of blow-fly larvae. J Exp Biol 9:359–365
Hutchinson GE (1957) A treatise on limnology, vol I. Wiley, New York
Hwang C, Turner BD (2005) Spatial and temporal variability of necrophagous Diptera from urban to rural areas. Med Vet Entomol 19(4):379–391
Introna FJ, Suman TW, Smialek JE (1991) Sarcosaprophagous fly activity in Maryland. J Forensic Sci 36(1):238–243
Ives AR (1991) Aggregation and coexistence in a carrion fly community. Ecol Monogr 61:75–94
Johnson AP, Wighton SJ, Wallman JF (2014) Tracking movement and temperature selection of larvae of two forensically important blow fly species within a “maggot mass”. J Forensic Sci 59(6):1586–1591. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.12472
Jones WJ, Johnson SB, Rouse GW, Vrijenhoek RC (2008) Marine worms (genus Osedax) colonize cow bones. Proc Biol Sci 275(1633):387–391
Kalinová B, Podskalská H, Růžička J, Hoskovec M (2009) Irresistable bouquet of death - how are burying beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae: Nicrophorus) attracted by carcasses? Naturwissenschaften 96(8):889–899
Kavazos CRJ, Wallman JF (2012) Community composition of carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) along an urban gradient in south-eastern Australia. Landsc Urban Plan 106(2):183–190
Keiper JB, Chapman EG, Foote BA (1997) Midge larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) as indicators of postmortem submersion interval of carcasses in a woodland stream: a preliminary report. J Forensic Sci 42(6):1074–1079
Kelly JA, van der Linde TC, Anderson GS (2009) The influence of clothing and wrapping on carcass decomposition and arthropod succession during the warmer seasons in Central South Africa. J Forensic Sci 54(5):1105–1112
Kouki J, Hanski I (1995) Population aggregation facilitates coexistence of many competing carrion fly species. Oikos 72:223–227
Magni PA, Venn C, Aquila I, Pepe F, Ricci P, Di Nunzio C, Ausania F, Dadour IR (2015) Evaluation of the floating time of a corpse found in a marine environment using the barnacle Lepas anatifera L. (Crustacea: Cirripedia: Pedunculata). Forensic Sci Int 247:e6–e10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.016
Manlove JD, Disney RH (2008) The use of Megaselia abdita (Diptera: Phoridae) in forensic entomology. Forensic Sci Int 175(1):83–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.08.001
Martín-Vega D, Baz A (2011) Could the ‘vulture restaurants’ be a lifeboat for the recently rediscovered bone-skippers (Diptera: Piophilidae)? J Insect Conserv 15(5):747–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9429-0
Martin-Vega D, Baz A, Michelsen V (2010) Back from the dead: Thyreophora cynophila (Panzer, 1798) (Diptera: Piophilidae) ‘globally extinct’ fugitive in Spain. Syst Entomol 35(4):607–613. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2010.00541.x
Matthews EG (1982) A guide to the genera of beetles of South Australia. Part 2 polyphaga: staphylinoidea and hydrophiloidea. South Australia Museum, Adelaide
Matthews EG (1984) A guide to the genera of beetles of South Australia. Part 3: polyphaga: eucinetoidea, dascilloidea and scarabaeoidea. South Australia Museum, Adelaide
Matuszewski S, Bajerlein D, Konwerski S, Szpila K (2008) An initial study of insect succession and carrion decomposition in various forest habitats of Central Europe. Forensic Sci Int 180(2-3):61–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.06.015
Matuszewski S, Bajerlein D, Konwerski S, Szpila K (2010) Insect succession and carrion decomposition in selected forests of Central Europe. Part 1: pattern and rate of decomposition. Forensic Sci Int 194(1-3):85–93
Meierhofer I, Schwarz HH, Muller JK (1999) Seasonal variation in parental care, offspring development and reporoductive succees in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespillo. Ecol Entomol 24:73–79
Meiklejohn KA (2012) Taxonomy and systematics of the Australian Sarcophaga s.l. (Dipterea: Sarcophagidae). University of Wollongong, Wollongong
Melis C, Teurlings I, Linnell JC, Andersen R, Bordoni A (2004) Influence of a deer carcass on Coleopteran diversity in a Scandinavian boreal forest: a preliminary study. Eur J Wildl Res 50:146–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-004-0051-2
Merritt RW, Wallace JR (2009) The role of aquatic insects in forensic investigations. In: Byrd JH, Castner JL (eds) Forensic entomology: the utility of arthropods in legal investigations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 272–319. https://doi.org/10.1201/NOE0849392153.ch7
Michaud JP, Schoenly KG, Moreau G (2015) Rewriting ecological succession history: did carrion ecologists get there first? Q Rev Biol 90(1):45–66
Minshall GW, Hitchcock E, Barnes JR (1991) Decomposition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) carcasses in aforest stream ecosystem inhabited only by non-anadromous fish populations. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 48:191–195
Moore BP (1955) Notes on carrion Coleoptera in the Oxford district. Entomol Mon Mag 43:45–51
Nicola SJ (1968) Scavenging by Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) nymphs on dead pink salmon and chum salmon embryos. Can J Zool 46:787–796
Norris KR (1965) The bionomics of blowflies. Annu Rev Entomol 10:47–68
Norris KR (1966) Daily patterns of flight activity of blowflies (Calliphoridae: Diptera) in the Canberra district as indicated by trap catches. Aust J Zool 14:835–853
O’Connor BM (2009) Astigmatid mites (Acari: Sarcoptiformes) of forensic interest. Exp Appl Acarol 49(1-2):125–133
O’Flynn MA, Moorehouse DE (1979) Species of Chrysomya as primary flies in carrion. J Aust Entomol Soc 19:31–32
Osmond DL, Line DE, Gale JA, Gannon RW, Knott CB, Bartenhagen KA, Turner MH et al (1995) Watersheds: water, soil and hydro-environmental decision support system
Payne JA (1965) A summer carrion study of the baby pig Sus Scrofa Linnaeus. Ecology 46:592–602
Payne JA, King EW (1970) Coleoptera associated with pig carrion. Entomol Mon Mag 105:224–232
Payne JA, King EW (1972) Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcasses in water. J Georgia Entomol Soc 73:153–162
Peck SB (2001) Review of the carrion beetles of Australia and New Guinea (Coleoptera: Silphidae). Aust J Entomol 40:93–101
Perotti MA, Braig HR (2009) Phoretic mites associated with animal and human decomposition. Exp Appl Acarol 49(1-2):85–124
Pinero FS (1997) Analysis of spatial and seasonal variability of carrion beetle (Coleoptera) assemblages in two arid zones of Spain. Environ Entomol 26(4):805–814
Pitkin BR (1989) Piophilidae. In: Evenhuis NL (ed) Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian regions. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu, p 533
Poff NL, Allan JD, Bain MB, Karr JR, Prestegaard KL, Richter BD, Sparks RE, Stromberg JC (1997) The natural flow regime: a paradigm for river conservation and restoration. Bioscience 47:769–784
Pont AC (1973) Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV a revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Aust J Zool Suppl Ser 21:129–296
Pont AC (1977) A revision of the Australian Fanniidae (Diptera: Calyptrata). Aust J Zool Suppl Ser 51:1–60
Putman RJ (1977) Dynamics of the blowfly, Calliphora erythrocephala, within carrion. J Anim Ecol 46(3):853–866
Putman RJ (1983) Carrion and dung: the decomposition of animal wastes, The institute of biology’s studies in biology, vol 156. Edward Arnold, London
Richards CS, Williams KA, Villet MH (2009a) Predicting geographic distribution of seven blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in South Africa. Afr Entomol 17(2):170–182
Richards CS, Price BW, Villet M (2009b) Thermal ecophysiology of seven carrion-feeding blowflies in Southern Africa. Entomol Exp Appl 131(1):11–19
Richter S (1993) Phoretic association between the dauerjuveniles of Rhabditis stammeri (Rhabditidae) and life history stages of the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. Nematologica 39(3):346–355
Rivers DB, Thompson C, Brogan R (2011) Physiological trade-offs of forming maggot masses by necrophagous flies on vertebrate carrion. Bull Entomol Res 101(5):599–611. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485311000241
Rochefort S, Giroux M, Savage J, Wheeler TA (2015) Key to forensically important piophilidae (Diptera) in the Nearctic region. Can J Arthropod Ident. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2015.27
Rouse GW, Goffredi SK, Vrijenhoek RC (2004) Osedax: bone-eating marine worms with dwarf males. Science 305(5684):668–671
Sakaris P (2013) A review of the effects of hydrologic alteration on fisheries and biodiversity and the management and conservation of natural resources in regulate driver systems. In: Bradley PM (ed) Environmental sciences: current perspectives in contaminant hydrology and water resources sustainability. Intech, London. https://doi.org/10.5772/55963
Santos WE, Carneiro LT, Alves ACF, Creao-Duarte AJ, Martins CF (2014) Stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini) attracted to animal carcasses in the brazilian dry forest and implications for forensic entomology. Sociobiology 61(4):490–493
Schoenly K, Reid W (1987) Dynamics of heterotrophic succession in carrion-arthropod assemblages: discrete series or a continuum of change? Oecologia 73:191–202
Seastedt TR, Mameli L, Gridley K (1981) Arthropod use of invertebrate carrion. Am Midl Nat 105(1):124–129
Seevers CH, Herman LH (1978) A generic and tribal version of the North American Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Fieldiana Zool 71:1–289
Shalaby OA, deCarvalho LML, Goff ML (2000) Comparison of patterns of decomposition in a hanging carcass and a carcass in contact with soil in a xerophytic habitat on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. J Forensic Sci 45(6):1267–1273
Silveira OT, Esposito MC, dos Santos JN, Gemaque FE (2005) Social wasps and bees captured in carrion traps in a rainforest in Brazil. Entomol Sci 8(1):33–39
Simmons P (1925) The ham beetle, Necrobia rufipes De Geer. J Agric Res 30(9):845–863
Slone DH, Gruner SV (2007) Thermoregulation in larval aggregations of carrion-feeding blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). J Med Entomol 44(3):516–523
Smith KGV (1986) A manual of forensic entomology. Trustees of The British Museum (Nat. Hist.)/Cornell University Press, London
Smith CR, Baco AR (2003) Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 41:311–354
Smith K, Lavis ME (1974) Environmental influences on the temperature of a small upland stream. Oikos 26:228–236
Stevenson C, Childers DL (2004) Hydroperiod and seasonal effects on fish decomposition in an oligotrophic Everglades marsh. Wetlands 24(3):529–537
Sweeney BW, Vannote RL (1978) Size variation and the distribution of hemimetabolous aquatic insects: two thermal equilibrium hypotheses. Science 200:444–446
Szpila K, Madra A, Jarmusz M, Matuszewski S (2015) Flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) colonising large carcasses in Central Europe. Parasitol Res 114(6):2341–2348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-015-4431-1
Taboada S, Bas M, Leiva C, Garriga M, Sardá R, Avila C (2016) Life after death: shallow-water Mediterranean invertebrate communities associated with mammal bones. Mar Ecol 37(1):164–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/maec.12257
Tomberlin JK, Adler PH (1998) Seasonal colonization and decomposition of rat carrion in water and on land in an open field in South Carolina. J Med Entomol 35(5):704–709
Vance GM, Vandyk JK, Rowley WA (1995) Device for sampling aquatic insects associated with carrion in water. J Forensic Sci 40(3):479–482
VanLaerhoven SL, Anderson GS (1999) Insect succession on buried carrion in two biogeoclimatic zones of British Columbia. J Forensic Sci 44(1):32–43
Voss SC, Forbes SL, Dadour IR (2008) Decomposition and insect succession on cadavers inside a vehicle environment. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 4(1):22–32
Voss SC, Spafford H, Dadour IR (2009) Hymenopteran parasitoids of forensic importance: host associations, seasonality, and prevalence of parasitoids of carrion flies in Western Australia. J Med Entomol 46(5):1210–1219
Voss SC, Spafford H, Dadour I (2010) Temperature-dependent development of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus on five forensically important carrion fly species. Med Vet Entomol 24:189–198
Wallace JR (2015) Aquatic vertebrate carrion decomposition. In: Benbow ME, Tomberlin JK, Tarone AM (eds) Carrion ecology, evolution, and their applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 247–272. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18819-15
Wallace JR, Merritt RW, Kimbirauskas RK, Benbow ME, McIntosh M (2008) Caddisflies assist with homicide case: determining a postmortem submersion interval using aquatic insects. J Forensic Sci 53(1):219–221
Wallace JR, Byrd JH, LeBlanc HN, Cervenka VJ (2015) North America. In: Tomberlin JK, Benbow ME (eds) Forensic entomology. Contemporary topics in entomology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18156-23
Wallman JF, Leys R, Hogendoorn K (2005) Molecular systematics of Australian carrion-breeding blowflies (Diptera : Calliphoridae) based on mitochondrial DNA. Invertebr Syst 19(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1071/is04023
Ward JV, Stanford JA (1982) Thermal responses in the evolutionary ecology of aquatic insects. Annu Rev Entomol 27:97–117
Warren JA, Anderson GS (2013) Effect of fluctuating temperatures on the development of a forensically important blow fly, Protophormia terraenovae (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Environ Entomol 42(1):167–172. https://doi.org/10.1603/EN12123
Wipfi MS, Hudson J, Caouette J (1998) Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1503–1511
Woodcock BA, Watt AD, Leather SR (2002) Aggregation, habitat quality and coexistence: a case study on carrion fly communities in slug cadavers. J Anim Ecol 71(1):131–140
Zhu J, Chaudhury MF, Tangtrakulwanich K, Skoda SR (2013) Attractants of the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria (F.) released from Rotten chicken liver. J Chem Ecol 39(11-12):1407–1414
Zwick P (1979) Contributions to the knowledge of Australian Cholevidae (Catoptidae auct.; Coleoptera). Aust J Zool Suppl Ser 70:1056
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Anderson, G.S., Barton, P.S., Archer, M., Wallace, J.R. (2019). Invertebrate Scavenging Communities. In: Olea, P., Mateo-Tomás, P., Sánchez-Zapata, J. (eds) Carrion Ecology and Management. Wildlife Research Monographs, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16501-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16501-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16499-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16501-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)