Abstract
The constructs of trauma theory and human rights have emerged in different disciplines over several decades as frameworks to document and address human suffering. Although traumatic events and human rights violations often occur together, an understanding of how these frameworks intersect and may complement each other has been lacking. To address this conceptual gap, this chapter examines the history, conceptual development, advances in, and limitations of these constructs, as well as how they may intersect in victims’ experiences. The authors argue for an approach that integrates these frameworks to augment our understanding of the causes and consequences of, and possible interventions for, human suffering, and to consider trauma within broader social contexts shaped by economic, social, and political imbalances of power.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Altman, D., & Symons, J. (2016). Queer wars: The new global polarization over gay rights. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Becker, D. (1995). The deficiency of the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder when dealing with victims of human rights violations. In R. Kleber, C. Figley, & B. Gersons (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 99–110). New York, NY: Springer Press.
Bemak, F. P., & Chi-Ying Chung, R. (2017). Refugee trauma: Culturally responsive counseling interventions. Journal of Counseling and Development,95, 299–309.
Ben-Ezra, M. (2011). Traumatic reactions from antiquity to the 16th century: Was there a common denominator? Stress and Health,27, 223–240.
Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A. Ruscio, A. M., … Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46, 327–343.
Bloom, S. L. (2006). Societal trauma: Danger and democracy. In N. Totton (Ed.), The politics of psychotherapy: New perspectives (pp. 17–29). London, England: Open University Press.
Bobbio, N. (1996). The age of rights. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Bodkin, J. A., Pope, H. G., Detke, M. J., & Hudson, J. I. (2007). Is PTSD caused by traumatic stress? Journal of Anxiety Disorders,21, 176–182.
Bracken, P. J., Giller, J. E., & Summerfield, D. (1995). Psychological responses to war and atrocity: The limitations of current concepts. Social Science Medicine,40(8), 1073–1082.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (2003). The historical trauma response among natives and its relationship with substance abuse: A Lakota illustration. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs,35(1), 7–13.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H., & Debruyn, L. M. (1998). The American Indian holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research,8(2), 60–82.
Breslau, N., Wilcox, H., & Storr, C. (2003). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of youth in urban America. Journal of Urban Health,81, 530–544.
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000). Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,68(5), 748–766.
Bunch, C. (1990). Women’s rights as human rights: Toward a re-vision of human rights. Human Rights Quarterly,12(4), 486–498.
Burgess, A. W., & Holstrom, L. L. (1974). Rape trauma syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry,131(9), 981–986.
Carter, R. T. (2007). Racism and psychological injury: Recognizing and assessing race-based traumatic stress. The Counselling Psychologist,35, 13–105.
Clark, A. M., & Sikkink, K. (2013). Information effects and human rights data: Is the good news about increased human rights information bad news for human rights measures? Human Rights Quarterly,35(3), 539–568.
Cmiel, K. (2004). The recent history of human rights. The American Historical Review,109(1), 117–135.
Daly, R. J. (1983). Samuel Pepys and post-traumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry,143, 64–68.
Danieli, Y. (1998). International handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma. New York, NY: Plenum.
Danieli, Y. (2009). Massive trauma and the healing role of reparative justice. Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5), 351–357.
de Jong, J. (2002). Trauma, war, and violence: Public mental health in socio-cultural context. New York, NY: Springer Press.
Dietrich, J. (2006). U.S. human rights policy in the post-cold war era. Political Science Quarterly,121(2), 269–294.
Difede, J., Apfeldorf, W. J., Cloitre, M., Spielmen, L. A., & Perry, S. W. (1997). Acute psychiatric responses to the explosion at the World Trade Center: A case series. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,185, 519–522.
Donnelly, J. (2013). Universal human rights in theory and practice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Duran, E., & Duran, B. (1998). Healing the American Indian soul. In Y. Danieli (Ed.), Intergenerational handbook of multigenerational legacies of trauma (pp. 342–372). New York, NY: Plenum.
Fariss, C. (2014). Respect for human rights has improved over time: Modeling the changing standard of accountability. American Political Science Review,108(2), 297–318.
Fariss, C., & Dancy, G. (2017). Measuring the impact of human rights: Conceptual and methodological debates. Annual Review of Law Social Science,13, 273–279.
Fassin, D., & Rechtman, R. (2009). The empire of trauma: An inquiry into the condition of victimhood. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Finkelhor, D., Hotaling, G., Lewis, I. A., & Smith, C. (1990). Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women: Prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect,14, 19–28.
Fontas, J. P. (2010). The Bush administration torture policy: Origins and consequences. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse, 2(8). Retrieved from http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=276.
Forsythe, D. (2017). Hard times for human rights. Journal of Human Rights,16(2), 242–253.
Friedman, M. J. (2013). Finalizing PTSD in the DSM-5: Getting here from there and where to go next. Journal of Traumatic Stress,26, 548–556.
Fukuda-Parr, S., Lawson-Remer, T., & Randolph, S. (2015). Fulfilling social and economic rights. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Fukuyama, F. (1992). The end of history and the last man. New York, NY: Free Press.
Galtung, J. (1994). Human rights in another key. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
Glendon, M. A. (2001). A world made new: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York, NY: Random House.
Hathaway, O. (2002). Do human rights treaties make a difference? The Yale Law Journal,111(8), 1935–2042.
Hautzinger, S., & Scandlyn, J. (2014). Beyond post-traumatic stress: Homefront struggles with the wars on terror. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
Healy, L. (2008). International social work: Professional action in an interdependent world. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Henderson, D. (1975). Incest. In A. Freedman, H. Kaplan, & B. Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry (2nd ed., pp. 1530–1539). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress,5(3), 377–391.
Herman, J. L. (1997). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—From domestic abuse to political terror. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2010). Idioms of distress among trauma survivors: Subtypes and clinical utility. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 34, 209–218.
Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-Fernández, R. (2011). The cross-cultural validity of posttraumatic stress disorder: Implications for DSM-5. Depression and Anxiety,28, 783–801.
Hitchcock, W. (2015). The rise and fall of human rights? Searching for a narrative from the cold war to the 9/11 era. Human Rights Quarterly,37, 80–106.
Holmes, S., & Sunstein, C. (1999). The cost of rights: Why liberty depends on taxes. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Hopgood, S. (2013). The endtimes of human rights. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Hunt, L. (2007). Inventing human rights: A history. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M., Fyvie, C., & Karatzias, T. (2018). Posttraumatic stress disorder and complex posttraumatic stress disorder in the DSM-5 and ICD-11: Clinical and behavioral correlates. Journal of Traumatic Stress,31, 174–180.
Ife, J. (2001). Human rights and social work: Toward rights-based practice. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Ignatieff, M. (2002, February 5). Is the human rights era ending? The New York Times, p. A25.
Ishay, M. (2004). The history of human rights from ancient times to the globalization era. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Ishay, M. (2005). The socialist contributions to human rights: An overlooked legacy. International Journal of Human Rights,9(2), 225–245.
Ishay, M. (2010). The universal declaration of human rights at 60: A bridge to which future? Perspectives Development and Technology,9(1–2), 11–27.
Iyall Smith, K. E. (2008). Comparing state and international protections of indigenous peoples’ human rights. American Behavioral Scientist,51, 1817–1835.
James, S. (2007). Universal human rights: Origins and development. New York, NY: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC.
Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. New York, NY: Free Press.
Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D., & Atun, R. (2011). Social, economic, human rights and political challenges to global mental health. Mental Health in Family Medicine,8, 87–96.
Jensen, S. L. B. (2016). Decolonization—Not western liberals—Established human rights on the global agenda. Retrieved from https://www.openglobalrights.org/decolonization-not-western-liberals-established-human-rights-on-g/.
Jensen, S. L. B. (2017). Putting to rest the Three Generations Theory of human rights. Retrieved from https://www.openglobalrights.org/putting-to-rest-the-three-generations-theory-of-human-rights/.
Jones, E., & Wesseley, S. (2006). Psychological trauma: A historical perspective. Psychiatry,5(7), 217–220.
Kardiner, A. (1941). The traumatic neuroses of war. New York, NY: Hoeber.
Kellerman, N. P. F. (2001). Psychopathology in children of holocaust survivors: A review of the research literature. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences,38(1), 36–46.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., & Hughes, M. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry,52(12), 1048–1060.
Kienzler, H. (2008). Debating war-trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in an interdisciplinary arena. Social Science and Medicine,67, 218–227.
Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress,26, 537–547.
Kirmayer, L. J., Gone, J. P., & Moses, J. (2014). Rethinking historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry,51(3), 299–319.
Kistener, J. (2015). From personal tragedy to global responsibility: Re-politicizing trauma work in an African context. AIR Thoughts, 1, 1–6. Retrieved from http://airforafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/AIR-thoughts-Issue2-FINAL_WEB1.pdf.
Kleber, R., Figley, C., & Gersons, B. (1995). Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics. New York, NY: Springer.
Koenen, K. C., Ratanatharathorn, A., Ng, L., McLaughlin, K. A., Bromet, E. J., Stein, D. J., … Kessler, R. C. (2017). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychological Medicine, 47, 2260–2274.
Landman, T. (2013). Measuring and monitoring human rights. In M. Goodhart (Ed.), Human rights: Politics and practice (pp. 363–379). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Larsen, S. E., & Pacella, M. L. (2016). Comparing the effect of DSM-congruent traumas vs. DSM-incongruent stressors on PTSD symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,38, 37–46.
Lauren, P. G. (2011). The evolution of international human rights: Visions seen. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Lindemann, E. (1944). Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry,151(6 Suppl.), 155–160.
Litz, B. T., Stein, N., Delaney, E., Lebowitz, L., Nash, W. P., Silva, C., & Maguen, S. (2009). Moral injury and moral repair in war veterans: A preliminary model and intervention strategy. Clinical Psychology Review,29, 695–706.
Macklem, P. (2015). Human rights in international law: Three generations or one? London Review of International Law,3(1), 61–92.
Maguen, S., & Litz, B. T. (2012). Moral injury in veterans of war. PTSD Research Quarterly,23(1), 1–6.
McDonnell, M., Robjant, K., & Katona, C. (2012). Complex posttraumatic stress disorder and survivors of human rights violations. Current Opinion in Psychiatry,26, 1–6.
McHugh, P. R., & Treisman, G. (2007). PTSD: A problematic diagnostic category. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,21, 211–222.
McNally, R. J. (2009). Can we fix PTSD in the DSM-V? Depression and Anxiety,26, 597–600.
Miller, K., & Rasmussen, A. (2010). War exposure, daily stressors, and mental health in conflict and post-conflict settings: Bridging the divide between trauma-focused and psychosocial frameworks. Social Science and Medicine,70, 7–16.
Mol, S. S. L., Arntz, A., Metsemakers, J. F. M., Dinant, G., Vilters-van Montfort, P. A. P., & Knottnerus, J. A. (2005). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after non-traumatic events: Evidence from an open population study. British Journal of Psychiatry,186, 494–499.
Momartin, S., Silove, D., Manicavasagar, V., & Steel, Z. (2003). Dimensions of trauma associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) caseness, severity and functional impairment: A study of Bosnian refugees resettled in Australia. Social Science and Medicine,57, 775–781.
Morsink, J. (2009). Inherent human rights. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Moyn, S. (2010). The last utopia: Human rights in history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nelson, D., Price, E., & Zubrzycki, J. (2014). Integrating human rights and trauma frameworks in social work with people from refugee backgrounds. Australian Social Work,67(4), 567–581.
Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine,38, 467–480.
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Rosebrock, L., & Litz, B. T. (2014). The mechanisms of psychosocial injury following human rights violations, mass trauma, and torture. Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice,21, 172–191.
Nickerson, A., Bryant, R. A., Steel, Z., Silove, D., & Brooks, R. (2010). The impact of fear for family on mental health in a resettled Iraqi refugee community. Journal of Psychiatric Research,44(4), 229–235.
Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., Bryant, R. A., Schick, M., Mueller, J., & Morina, N. (2015). Moral injury in traumatized refugees. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,84, 122–123.
Niederland, W. G. (1981). The survivor syndrome: Further observations and dimensions. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,29(2), 413–425.
Office of the High Commission for Human Rights. (n.d.-a). The core international human rights documents and their monitoring bodies. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/coreinstruments.aspx.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (n.d.-b). What are human rights? Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Pages/WhatareHumanRights.aspx.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. (2008). Frequently asked questions on economic, social and cultural rights: Fact sheet No. 33. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/ESCR/FAQ%20on%20ESCR-en.pdf.
Picard, A. (2010). The United States’ failure to ratify the international covenant on economic, social and cultural rights: Must the poor be always with us? Stetson University College of Law Research Paper No. 2011–04. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1794303.
Piccone, T. (2018, June 20). U.S. withdrawal from U.N. Human Rights Council is “America alone.” Brookings. Retrieved from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/06/20/u-s-withdrawal-from-u-n-human-rights-council-is-america-alone/.
Pieterse, A. L., Carter, R. T., Evans, S. A., & Walter, R. A. (2010). An exploratory examination of the associations among racial and ethnic discrimination, racial climate, and trauma-related symptoms in a college student population. Journal of Counseling Psychology,57(3), 255–263.
Porter, M., & Haslam, N. (2005). Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association,294, 602–612.
Powell, E., & Staton, J. (2009). Domestic judicial institutions and human rights treaty violation. International Studies Quarterly,53(1), 149–174.
Rajagopal, B. R. (2003). International law from below: Development, social movements, and third world resistance. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Risse, T., Ropp, S. C., & Sikkink, K. (2013). The persistent power of human rights: From commitment to compliance. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Rosen, G. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical evaluation of core assumptions. Clinical Psychology Review,28, 837–868.
Sands, P. (2017). East west street: On the origins of “genocide” and “crimes against humanity.” New York, NY: Vintage Books.
Scott, W. J. (1990). PTSD in the DSM: A case of politics in diagnosis and disease. Social Problems,37(3), 294–310.
Shay, J. (2012). Moral injury. Intertexts,16(1), 57–77.
Shephard, B. (2004). Risk factors and PTSD: A historian’s perspective. In G. M. Rosen (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues and controversies (pp. 39–61). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Sikkink, K. (2011). The justice cascade: How human rights prosecutions are changing world politics. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Sikkink, K. (2017). Evidence for hope: Making human rights work in the 21st century. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Silove, D. (1999). The psychosocial effect of torture, mass human rights violations, and refugee trauma: Toward an integrated conceptual framework. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease,187(4), 200–207.
Simmons, B. (2009). Mobilizing for human rights: International law in domestic politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist,69(6), 575–587.
Spitzer, R. L., First, M. B., & Wakefield, J. C. (2007). Saving PTSD from itself in the DSM-V. Journal of Anxiety Disorders,21, 233–241.
Staub-Bernasconi, S. (2007). Economic and social rights: The neglected human rights. In E. Reichert (Ed.), Challenges in human rights (pp. 138–161). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Steel, Z., Bateman Steel, C. R. B., & Silove, D. (2009). Human rights and the trauma model: Genuine partners or uneasy allies? Journal of Traumatic Stress,22(5), 358–365.
Stein, D. J., McLaughlin, K. A., Koenen, K. C., Atwoli, L., Firedman, M. J., Hill, E. D., … Kessler, R. C. (2014). DSM-5 and ICD-11 definitions of posttraumatic stress disorder: Investigating “narrow” and “broad” approaches. Depression and Anxiety, 31, 494–505.
Summerfield, D. (2001). The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. British Medical Journal,322, 95–98.
Tharoor, S. (2000/1999). Are human rights universal? World Policy Journal, XVI(4). Retrieved from https://worldpolicy.org/2009/11/11/tharoor-are-human-rights-universal-world-policy-journal-world-policy-institute/.
Twiss, S. (1998). Moral grounds and plural cultures: Interpreting human rights in the international community. Journal of Religious Ethics,26(2), 271–282.
Twiss, S. (2004). History, human rights and globalization. Journal of Religious Ethics,32(1), 39–70.
United Nations. (n.d.). The foundation of international human rights law. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/sections/universal-declaration/foundation-international-human-rights-law/index.html.
United Nations. (1948a). Convention on the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide. Retrieved from https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/unts/volume%2078/volume-78-i-1021-english.pdf.
United Nations. (1948b). Universal declaration of human rights. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/.
United Nations. (1966a). International covenant on civil and political rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx.
United Nations. (1966b). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx.
United Nations. (2007). United Nations declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/indigenouspeoples/declaration-on-the-rights-of-indigenous-peoples.html.
United Nations. (2009). International human rights law: A short history. UN Chronicle, XLV1(1 & 2). Retrieved from https://unchronicle.un.org/article/international-human-rights-law-short-history.
UN Women. (n.d.). Convention on the elimination of discrimination against women: What is an optional protocol? Retrieved from https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/protocol/whatis.htm.
van der Kolk, B. A., Herron, N., & Hostetler, A. (1994). The history of trauma in psychiatry. Psychiatric Clinics of North America,17(3), 583–600.
van der Kolk, B. A., & van der Hart, O. (1991). The intrusive past: The flexibility of memory and the engraving of trauma. American Imago,48(4), 425–454.
Vasak, K. (1977). A thirty-year struggle: The sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.
Vasak, K., & Alston, P. (1982). The international dimensions of human rights. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Vogel, L., & Marshall, L. (2001). PTSD symptoms and partner abuse: Low income women at risk. Journal of Traumatic Stress,14, 569–584.
Walker, L. E. (1984). The battered woman syndrome. New York, NY: Springer.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Butler, L.D., Critelli, F.M. (2019). Traumatic Experience, Human Rights Violations, and Their Intersection. In: Butler, L.D., Critelli, F.M., Carello, J. (eds) Trauma and Human Rights. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16395-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16397-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16395-2
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)