Abstract
This chapter provides a background on financial inclusion and examines the progress and trends across different indicators of financial inclusion and different macro and income regions. The data show positive growth in different indicators of financial inclusion over recent years; however, the variation across regions and the gap between genders are still considerable. The chapter also reviews factors that could explain variations in financial inclusion across countries and reports key correlations between financial inclusion indicators and selected country characteristics. We find differences in the associations with country characteristics when comparing traditional banking services and mobile money services.
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The World Bank classifies economies based on estimates of gross national income (GNI) per capita. As of 1 July 2016, low-income economies are defined as those with a GNI per capita of $1025 or less in 2015; lower-middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $1026 and $4035; upper-middle-income economies are those with a GNI per capita between $4036 and $12,475; high-income economies are those with a GNI per capita of $12,476 or more.
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Sha’ban, M., Girardone, C., Sarkisyan, A. (2019). Financial Inclusion: Trends and Determinants. In: Gualandri, E., Venturelli, V., Sclip, A. (eds) Frontier Topics in Banking. Palgrave Macmillan Studies in Banking and Financial Institutions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16295-5_5
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