Abstract
In April 1815 the eruption of Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa, in the Indonesian archipelago, triggered a global climate disaster. In South-East Asia more than 100,000 people were killed in the explosion and the massive tsunami that followed. The effects of the eruption were to be felt far beyond its devastated epicentre. Clouds of ash filled the sky, obscuring the sun and causing rapid temporary global cooling. The disastrous consequences of the eruption would unfold over several years, causing widespread confusion, suffering and death. For Europe, still recovering after decades of war and their bloody culmination at Waterloo, the dark skies and frigid temperatures of 1816 seemed to portend a troubling future. The effects of this environmental calamity can be seen in the cultural productions of the period, in some of the most significant works of the movement we call Romantic. Today, the ‘Year Without a Summer’ offers us a starting point from which to reconsider how the Romantics responded to the changing climates of their day and to think about how these climatic events shaped the development of Romanticism itself. Scholars of Romanticism and practitioners of ecocriticism seek to uncover how today’s ideas about climate and catastrophe have been formed by the thinking of Romantic poets, novelists and scientists, and how these same ideas might once more be harnessed to assist us in the new climate challenges facing us in the present.
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Notes
- 1.
See, for instance, Timothy Clark, Ecocriticism on the Edge: The Anthropocene as a Threshold Concept (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), 1.
- 2.
Tobias Menely, ‘Late Holocene Poetics: Genre and Geohistory in Beachy Head’, European Romantic Review, 28:3 (2017): 307–314, 307–318.
- 3.
Kate Rigby, ‘Romanticism and Ecocriticism’, in The Oxford Handbook of Ecocriticism, ed. Greg Garrard (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 60–84, 64.
- 4.
Timothy Morton, Ecology Without Nature: Rethinking Environmental Aesthetics (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 1.
- 5.
Percy Bysshe Shelley, ‘Prometheus Unbound I. 178’, in Shelley’s Poetry and Prose, ed. Donald H. Reiman and Neil Freistat (New York: Norton, 2002), 214.
- 6.
Morton, Ecology Without Nature, 7.
- 7.
Robert Markley, ‘The Amherst Embassy in the Shadow of Tambora: Climate and Culture, 1816’, in Writing China: Essays on the Amherst Embassy (1816) and Sino-British Cultural Relations, ed. Peter J. Kitson and Robert Markley (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer, 2016), 83–104.
- 8.
Heidi Scott, Chaos and Cosmos: Literary Roots of Modern Ecology in the British Nineteenth Century (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2014); Ben P. Robertson (ed.), Romantic Sustainability: Endurance and the Natural World (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016); Dewey W. Hall (ed.), Romantic Ecocriticism: Origins and Legacies (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016).
- 9.
William Wordsworth, ‘The world is too much with us’ (composed c.1802–1804), ll.2–3, 1, in William Wordsworth: The Major Works, ed. Stephen Gill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 270.
- 10.
Marcel Proust, ‘Le Côté de Guermantes’ (1922), trans. C.K. Scott Moncrieff as The Guermantes Way, pt II (London: Chatto and Windus, 1922), 49.
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Murphy, O. (2019). Romantic Climates: A Change in the Weather. In: Collett, A., Murphy, O. (eds) Romantic Climates. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16241-2_1
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