Abstract
Modeling malware propagation dynamics and developing prevention methods are very imperative with flourishing and advancement of WSN technologies in a variety of fields, such as smart cities. In the last decade, a lot of effort has been put into designing effective models to characterize the propagation dynamics of malware and developing effective prevention methods, with different focuses such as spatial–temporal model, pulse immunization, trade-off model between prevention cost and network utility, etc. This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art malware modeling and prevention method to present a comprehensive guide on how to choose a more appropriate approach for different applications. First, the application background and definitions of WSNs and malware are introduced, followed by the challenges of modeling malware propagation dynamics and developing prevention methods. Second, the recent advances in modeling and prevention methods are summarized. Third, four recently published papers that focus on spatial–temporal modeling, pulse immunization, and cost-efficiency trade-off are introduced. Finally, this chapter is ended by pointing out some possible future research directions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Rashid, B., Rehmani, M.H.: Applications of wireless sensor networks for urban areas: a survey. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 60, 192–219 (2016)
Kurt, S., Yildiz, H.U., Yigit, M., Tavli, B., Gungor, V.C.: Packet size optimization in wireless sensor networks for smart grid applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 64(3), 2392–2401 (2017)
Li, X., Niu, J., Kumari, S., Liao, J., Liang, W., Khan, M.K.: A new authentication protocol for healthcare applications using wireless medical sensor networks with user anonymity. Secur. Commun. Netw. 9(15), 2643–2655 (2016)
Lu, C., Saifullah, A., Li, B., Sha, M., Gonzalez, H., Gunatilaka, D., Wu, C., Nie, L., Chen, Y.: Real-time wireless sensor-actuator networks for industrial cyber-physical systems. Proc. IEEE 104(5), 1013–1024 (2016)
Wu, J., Ota, K., Dong, M., Li, C.: A hierarchical security framework for defending against sophisticated attacks on wireless sensor networks in smart cities. IEEE Access 4(4), 416–424 (2016)
Fadel, E., Gungor, V.C., Nassef, L., Akkari, N., Malik, M.A., Almasri, S., Akyildiz, I.F.: A survey on wireless sensor networks for smart grid. Comput. Commun. 71, 22–33(2015)
Xu, G., Shen, W., Wang, X.: Applications of wireless sensor networks in marine environment monitoring: a survey. Sensors 14(9), 16932–16954 (2014)
Rezvani, M., Ignjatovic, A., Bertino, E., Jha, S.: Secure data aggregation technique for wireless sensor networks in the presence of collusion attacks. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 12(1), 98–110 (2015)
Luo, X., Zhang, D., Yang, L.T., Liu, J., Chang, X., Ning, H.: A kernel machine-based secure data sensing and fusion scheme in wireless sensor networks for the cyber-physical systems. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 61, 85–96 (2016)
Shen, S., Li, H., Han, R., Vasilakos, A.V., Wang, Y., Cao, Q.: Differential game-based strategies for preventing malware propagation in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 9(11), 1962–1973 (2014)
Liu, B., Zhou, W., Gao, L., Wen, S., Luan, T.H.: Mobility increases the risk of malware propagations in wireless networks. In: Trustcom/BigDataSE/ISPA, 2015 IEEE, vol. 1, pp. 90–95. IEEE, Piscataway (2015)
De, P., Liu, Y., Das, S.K.: An epidemic theoretic framework for vulnerability analysis of broadcast protocols in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput. 8(3), 413–425 (2009)
Haghighi, M.S., Wen, S., Xiang, Y., Quinn, B., Zhou, W.: On the race of worms and patches: Modeling the spread of information in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 11(12), 2854–2865 (2016)
Illiano, V.P., Lupu, E.C.: Detecting malicious data injections in wireless sensor networks: a survey. ACM Comput. Surv. CSUR 48(2), 24 (2015)
Wang, T., Wu, Q., Wen, S., Cai, Y., Tian, H., Chen, Y., Wang, B.: Propagation modeling and defending of a mobile sensor worm in wireless sensor and actuator networks. Sensors 17(1), 139 (2017)
Osanaiye, O., Alfa, A.S., Hancke, G.P.: A statistical approach to detect jamming attacks in wireless sensor networks. Sensors 18(6), 1691 (2018)
Dâmaso, A., Rosa, N., Maciel, P.: Integrated evaluation of reliability and power consumption of wireless sensor networks. Sensors 17(11), 2547 (2017)
Wang, X., He, Z., Zhao, X., Lin, C., Pan, Y., Cai, Z.: Reaction-diffusion modeling of malware propagation in mobile wireless sensor networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 56(9), 1–18 (2013)
He, Z., Wang, X.: A spatial-temporal model for the malware propagation in MWSNs based on the reaction-diffusion equations. In: International Conference on Web-Age Information Management, pp. 45–56. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)
Xiaoming, W., Zaobo, H., Lichen, Z.: A pulse immunization model for inhibiting malware propagation in mobile wireless sensor networks. Chin. J. Electron. 23(CJE-4), 810–815 (2014)
He, Z., Cai, Z., Wang, X.: Modeling propagation dynamics and developing optimized countermeasures for rumor spreading in online social networks. In: 2015 IEEE 35th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS), pp. 205–214. IEEE, Piscataway (2015)
He, Z., Cai, Z., Yu, J., Wang, X., Sun, Y., Li, Y.: Cost-efficient strategies for restraining rumor spreading in mobile social networks. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 66(3), 2789–2800 (2017)
Sun, B., Osborne, L., Xiao, Y., Guizani, S.: Intrusion detection techniques in mobile ad hoc and wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 14(5), 56–63 (2007)
Wang, J., Jiang, C., Zhang, K., Quek, T.Q., Ren, Y., Hanzo, L.: Vehicular sensing networks in a smart city: Principles, technologies and applications. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 25(1), 122–132 (2018)
Ojha, R.P., Srivastava, P.K., Sanyal, G.: Pre-vaccination and quarantine approach for defense against worms propagation of malicious objects in wireless sensor networks. Int. J. Inf. Syst. Model. Des. IJISMD 9(1), 1–20 (2018)
Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Wang, C., Fang, H.: Cluster-based epidemic control through smartphone-based body area networks. IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 26(3), 681–690 (2015)
Mishra, B.K., Tyagi, I.: Defending against malicious threats in wireless sensor network: a mathematical model. Int. J. Inf. Technol. Comput. Sci. IJITCS 6(3), 12 (2014)
Nwokoye, C.H., Ozoegwu, G.C., Ejiofor, V.E.: Pre-quarantine approach for defense against propagation of malicious objects in networks. Int. J. Comput. Netw. Inf. Secur. 9(2), 43 (2017)
Sookhak, M., Tang, H., He, Y., Yu, F.R.: Security and privacy of smart cities: a survey, research issues and challenges. In: IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials (2018)
Braun, T., Fung, B.C., Iqbal, F., Shah, B.: Security and privacy challenges in smart cities. Sustain. Cities Soc. 39, 499–507 (2018)
Khatoun, R., Zeadally, S.: Cybersecurity and privacy solutions in smart cities. IEEE Commun. Mag. 55(3), 51–59 (2017)
Can, O., Sahingoz, O.K.: A survey of intrusion detection systems in wireless sensor networks. In: 2015 6th International Conference on Modeling, Simulation, and Applied Optimization (ICMSAO), pp. 1–6. IEEE, Piscataway (2015)
Radhappa, H., Pan, L., Xi Zheng, J., Wen, S.: Practical overview of security issues in wireless sensor network applications. Int. J. Comput. Appl. 40(4), 1–12 (2017)
Chen, H., Lou, W.: On protecting end-to-end location privacy against local eavesdropper in wireless sensor networks. Pervasive Mob. Comput. 16, 36–50 (2015)
Mallela, S.S., Jonnalagadda, S.K.: Internet security—a brief review. In: Microelectronics, Electromagnetics and Telecommunications, pp. 889–894. Springer, Singapore (2018)
del Rey, A.M., Peinado, A.: Mathematical models for malware propagation in wireless sensor networks: an analysis. In: Computer and Network Security Essentials, pp. 299–313. Springer, Cham (2018)
Peng, S., Yu, S., Yang, A.: Smartphone malware and its propagation modeling: a survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 16(2), 925–941 (2014)
Feng, L., Song, L., Zhao, Q., Wang, H.: Modeling and stability analysis of worm propagation in wireless sensor network. Math. Probl. Eng. 2015 (2015)
Zhu, L., Zhao, H.: Dynamical analysis and optimal control for a malware propagation model in an information network. Neurocomputing 149, 1370–1386 (2015)
Liu, B., Zhou, W., Gao, L., Zhou, H., Luan, T.H., Wen, S.: Malware propagations in wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. (1), 1–1 (2016)
Batista, F.K., del Rey, Á.M., Queiruga-Dios, A.: Malware propagation software for wireless sensor networks. In: International Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 238–241. Springer, Berlin (2017)
Lin, Y., Wang, X., Hao, F., Wang, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, R.: An on-demand coverage based self-deployment algorithm for big data perception in mobile sensing networks. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 82, 220–234 (2018)
Lu, J., Wang, X., Zhang, L.: Signal power random fading based interference-aware routing for wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Netw. 20(7), 1715–1727 (2014)
Wang, X., Lin, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, L., Liang, J., Cai, Z.: A novel approach for inhibiting misinformation propagation in human mobile opportunistic networks. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 10(2), 377–394 (2017)
Wang, X., Lin, Y., Zhang, S., Cai, Z.: A social activity and physical contact-based routing algorithm in mobile opportunistic networks for emergency response to sudden disasters. Enterp. Inf. Syst. 11(5), 597–626 (2017)
Lin, Y., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Li, P., Zhang, D., Liu, S.: The impact of node velocity diversity on mobile opportunistic network performance. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 55, 47–58 (2015)
Wang, X., Lin, Y., Zhang, L., Cai, Z.: A double pulse control strategy for misinformation propagation in human mobile opportunistic networks. In: International Conference on Wireless Algorithms, Systems, and Applications, pp. 571–580. Springer, Heidelberg (2015)
Wang, X., Zhang, L., Dou, W., Hu, X.: Fuzzy colored time petri net and termination analysis for fuzzy event-condition-action rules. Inf. Sci. 232, 225–240 (2013)
Zhang, L., Wang, X., Lu, J., Li, P., Cai, Z.: An efficient privacy preserving data aggregation approach for mobile sensing. Secur. Commun. Netw. 9(16), 3844–3853 (2016)
Cheng, S.-M., Ao, W.C., Chen, P.-Y., Chen, K.-C.: On modeling malware propagation in generalized social networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 15(1), 25–27 (2011)
Suarez-Tangil, G., Tapiador, J.E., Peris-Lopez, P., Ribagorda, A.: Evolution, detection and analysis of malware for smart devices. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 16(2), 961–987 (2014)
Shen, S., Huang, L., Liu, J., Champion, A.C., Yu, S., Cao, Q.: Reliability evaluation for clustered WSNs under malware propagation. Sensors 16(6), 855 (2016)
Yu, S., Gu, G., Barnawi, A., Guo, S., Stojmenovic, I.: Malware propagation in large-scale networks. IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 27(1), 170–179 (2015)
Liu, Y., Dong, M., Ota, K., Liu, A.: ActiveTrust: secure and trustable routing in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 11(9), 2013–2027 (2016)
Shen, S., Ma, H., Fan, E., Hu, K., Yu, S., Liu, J., Cao, Q.: A non-cooperative non-zero-sum game-based dependability assessment of heterogeneous WSNs with malware diffusion. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 91, 26–35 (2017)
Liu, L., Ko, R.K., Ren, G., Xu, X.: Malware propagation and prevention model for time-varying community networks within software defined networks. Secur. Commun. Netw. 2017 (2017)
Lu, Y., Da Xu, L.: Internet of things (IoT) cybersecurity research: a review of current research topics. IEEE Internet Things J. 13pp. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2018.2869847
Duan, W., Fan, Z., Zhang, P., Guo, G., Qiu, X.: Mathematical and computational approaches to epidemic modeling: a comprehensive review. Front. Comp. Sci. 9(5), 806–826 (Oct 2015)
Colizza, V., Pastor-Satorras, R., Vespignani, A.: Reaction–diffusion processes and metapopulation models in heterogeneous networks. Nat. Phys. 3(4), 276 (2007)
Doi, M.: Stochastic theory of diffusion-controlled reaction. J. Phys. A Math. Gen. 9(9), 1479 (1976)
Hirsch, M.W., Smale, S., Devaney, R.L.: Differential Equations, Dynamical Systems, and an Introduction to Chaos. Academic, Amsterdam (2012)
Wang, X., Zhang, L., Lin, Y., Zhao, Y., Hu, X.: Computational models and optimal control strategies for emotion contagion in the human population in emergencies. Knowl.-Based Syst. 109, 35–47 (2016)
Kopp, R.E.: Pontryagin maximum principle. In: Mathematics in Science and Engineering, vol. 5, pp. 255–279. Elsevier, New York (1962)
Mishra, B.K., Srivastava, S.K., Mishra, B.K.: A quarantine model on the spreading behavior of worms in wireless sensor network. Trans. IoT Cloud Comput. 2(1), 1–12 (2014)
Li, F., Yang, Y., Wu, J.: CPMC: An efficient proximity malware coping scheme in smartphone-based mobile networks. In: INFOCOM, 2010 Proceedings IEEE, pp. 1–9. IEEE, Piscataway (2010)
Tang, S., Mark, B.L.: Analysis of virus spread in wireless sensor networks: an epidemic model. In: 7th International Workshop on Design of Reliable Communication Networks, 2009. DRCN 2009, pp. 86–91. IEEE, Piscataway (2009)
Sun, X., Lu, Z., Zhang, X., Salathé, M., Cao, G.: Targeted vaccination based on a wireless sensor system. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications (PerCom), pp. 215–220. IEEE, Piscataway (2015)
Gardner, M.T., Beard, C., Medhi, D.: Using SEIRS epidemic models for IoT botnets attacks. In: Proceedings of DRCN 2017-Design of Reliable Communication Networks; 13th International Conference, pp. 1–8. VDE, Berlin (2017)
Perko, L.: Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems, vol. 7. Springer Science and Business Media, New York (2013)
Wang, Y., Li, D., Dong, N.: Cellular automata malware propagation model for WSN based on multi-player evolutionary game. IET Netw. 7(3), 129–135 (2017)
García, G.G., Ramirez, M.E.L.: Modeling the spatio-temporal dynamics of worm propagation in smartphones based on cellular automata. In: Modelling Symposium (EMS), 2016, European, pp. 196–201. IEEE, Piscataway (2016)
Peng, S., Wang, G.: Worm propagation modeling using 2d cellular automata in Bluetooth networks. In: 2011 IEEE 10th International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications (TrustCom), pp. 282–287. IEEE, Piscataway (2011)
Zhao, Y., Wang, X., Li, L.: Research on mobile cellular automata model for public sentiment dissemination in opportunistic networks. Appl. Res. Comput. 2 (2015)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
He, Z., Lin, Y., Liang, Y., Wang, X., Vera Venkata Sai, A.M., Cai, Z. (2019). Modeling Malware Propagation Dynamics and Developing Prevention Methods in Wireless Sensor Networks. In: Du, DZ., Pardalos, P., Zhang, Z. (eds) Nonlinear Combinatorial Optimization. Springer Optimization and Its Applications, vol 147. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16194-1_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16194-1_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-16193-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-16194-1
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)