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Controlling Factors for Community Assembly in Developing Cod Larvae (Gadus morhua)

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Microbial Communities in Aquaculture Ecosystems

Abstract

Marine fish larvae are characterized by immature immune and digestive systems at hatching. Therefore, they are particularly vulnerable to detrimental interactions with microbes. In this chapter, we review studies performed in our group on the microbiota of cod larvae. The overall aim of these studies was to clarify which factors affected the composition of the larval microbiota in the early developmental stages and thereby be able to identify possible rearing strategies to promote positive microbe–larvae interactions in aquaculture rearing systems. Through careful experimental designs, we managed to separate the effects of the microbiota in rearing water and diet and were surprised to find that the water microbiota seemed to be a more important determinant for the composition of the larval microbiota than the feed. The larval microbiota changed over time, and our results indicated that this was due to developmental changes in the gastrointestinal system and that selection in the digestive tract of the host structured the larval microbiota. We further tested the potential for manipulating the microbiota of larvae through introduction of probiotic candidates. This was not successful, as the probionts were only transiently present in the larval microbiota. This observation was independent of the developmental stage of the cod larvae and despite the fact that the strains had been isolated from cod larvae. We suggest that the best strategy for promoting beneficial microbe–larvae interactions in aquaculture systems is to manage the microbial water quality. To obtain this, microbial ecology must be taken into consideration. With proper management and system design, it is possible to maintain stable, K-selected microbial environments in both flow-through and recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). This will promote beneficial larvae–microbe interactions and improve the viability of the larvae.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NTNU Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

    Ingrid Bakke, Kari Johanne Kihle Attramadal, Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum & Olav Vadstein

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  1. Ingrid Bakke
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  2. Kari Johanne Kihle Attramadal
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  3. Ragnhild Inderberg Vestrum
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  4. Olav Vadstein
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Correspondence to Ingrid Bakke .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Département de biologie (IBIS), Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada

    Nicolas Derome

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Bakke, I., Attramadal, K.J.K., Vestrum, R.I., Vadstein, O. (2019). Controlling Factors for Community Assembly in Developing Cod Larvae (Gadus morhua). In: Derome, N. (eds) Microbial Communities in Aquaculture Ecosystems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16190-3_4

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