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Vitamin D and the Immune System

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Nutrition and Immunity

Abstract

Vitamin D (VitD) is a secosteroid hormone, originally recognized for its pivotal role in mineral metabolism and skeletal health through homeostasis of calcium and phosphate. However, the effects of VitD on the human body are much wider than its classical role in skeletal homeostasis. In this chapter, diverse roles of VitD in regulation of human immune response are reviewed. The VitD receptor is expressed by virtually all tissues throughout the body, including the immune and inflammatory cells. The immune system is equipped to both produce and respond to VitD. VitD exerts dichotomous effects on innate and adaptive immune responses. It serves as a potent stimulant of innate defense, while it is thought to be a tolerogenic immunomodulator in adaptive immunity. On this basis, many studies have investigated the potential role of VitD in immune-related pathologic conditions, including autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory conditions, and infectious diseases. Many epidemiologic studies have reported strong associations between VitD deficiency and prevalence or severity of various disease states, while the results obtained from interventional VitD supplementation trials have been less straightforward. There still is a paucity of large-scale RCTs that are methodologically equipped to anticipate sources of bias in study design and data analysis. Hopefully, ongoing addition of such rigorously designed RCTs to the available body of evidence will further support and validate the role of VitD as a promising and safe nutrient for prevention and adjunctive treatment of several immune-associated disorders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mir Hojjat Khorasanizadeh, Mahsa Eskian & Nima Rezaei

  2. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Mir Hojjat Khorasanizadeh, Mahsa Eskian & Nima Rezaei

  3. Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Carlos A. Camargo Jr.

  4. Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Carlos A. Camargo Jr.

  5. Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

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  1. Mir Hojjat Khorasanizadeh
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  1. Department Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Dietitians and Nutrition Experts Team (DiNET), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Maryam Mahmoudi

  2. Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

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Khorasanizadeh, M.H., Eskian, M., Camargo, C.A., Rezaei, N. (2019). Vitamin D and the Immune System. In: Mahmoudi, M., Rezaei, N. (eds) Nutrition and Immunity. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16073-9_2

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