Abstract
In the 1990s, driven by further changes in technologies and customer expectations, marketing strategies in the car industry achieved another breakthrough. In their pursuit of excellence, some carmakers successfully pioneered the shift towards mass customization. In the early 1990s, two stages of the value chain were partly mixed/blended together: mass production, and mass distribution. This change was driven by three key factors, namely: (1) limits to the mass production process; (2) divisions into social classes, age differences, differences in lifestyle, and inequalities in the distribution of income, which reduced the homogeneity of the markets and drove towards dishomogeneity; and (3) instability of demand. There was a transition from a sellers’ market to a buyers’ one, and from markets “ruled” by sellers to markets “ruled” by buyers. In place of homogeneous markets, standardised products and long product life cycles, a new market structure emerged, consisting of heterogeneous and fragmented markets, a variety of products and shortening product life cycles. The internet significantly increased the possibilities of mass customization. Carmakers were able to put together components and modules as requested by customers at the last minute before delivery. While the main goal of mass production was to develop, produce, and market automobiles at prices low enough “that nearly everyone could afford them”, the main goal of mass customization was to develop, produce, and market affordable automobiles and services so that “nearly everyone would find exactly what they want”.
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- 1.
The significant increase in oil prices in the early 1970s introduced a high level of instability, which had a negative effect on costs. For example, lowering costs through economies of scale made it possible to lower prices and thus offered a greater possibility of extending marketing shares. The main variable was the cost of labour per unit. In order for this cost to go down, either real salaries needed to decrease or labour productivity needed to increase. From 1970 onward, this no longer occurred as it had in the past. In particular, productivity dropped on all fronts or increased at a slower pace than in previous decades. One possibility for reducing prices and extending market shares, which was essential for fostering economies of scale, was thus removed (Pine II 1993).
- 2.
Mass customization is a “production process that combines elements of mass production with those of bespoke (made to order) tailoring (designed to suite specific need). Products are adapted to meet a customer’s individual needs, so no two items are the same”. Mass customization uses some of the techniques of mass production. For example, its output is based on a small number of platforms, core components underpinning the product. In the case of a watch, the internal mechanism can be personalised through a wide variety of options at later stages of the production. The same is increasingly true for cars. Even a traditional mass production manufacturer like BMW boasts that no two cars are identical.
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Candelo, E. (2019). Mass Customization: Another Marketing Breakthrough. In: Marketing Innovations in the Automotive Industry . International Series in Advanced Management Studies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15999-3_13
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