Abstract
The twenty-first century is the century of the women. No longer restricted to gendered defined roles, women now are in the workplace in large numbers, own and operate their own businesses, occupy most of the seats in universities and, increasing, have become major contributors to science and technology along with their customary careers in functioning as caregivers and education of others. The changes in the socioeconomic and political status of women are occurring very rapidly and are embracing women in all regions and cultures of the world. These changes have opened doors to women and girls that many never previously knew even existed and, in doing so, are ending centuries of discrimination and neglect of their capacities for leadership in all fields of human development. No longer are societies denying themselves the talents and skills that women and girls bring to their families and communities but also to national and international development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bazilchuk, N. (2018, March 30). Family life makes Nordic men happy. Science Nordic. Retrieved November 12, 2018 from http://sciencenordic.com/family-life-makes-nordic-men-happy
Bertakis, K. D., Azari, R., Helms, L. J., Callahan, E. J., & Robbins, J. A. (2000). Gender differences in the utilization of health care services. Journal of Family Practice, 49(2), 147–152.
Botkin-Kowacki, E. (2017, January 25). Are women scientists overlooked by journals as peer reviewers? The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 4, 2018 from https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2017/0126/Are-women-scientists-overlooked-by-journals-as-peer-reviewers
Cohen, N. (2011, April 29). The top 40 most innovative international development organizations. Nonprofit Quarterly.
Conference Board of Canada. (2013). Gender gap in tertiary education: International rankings. Retrieved November 8, 2018 from https://www.conferenceboard.ca/hcp/Details/education/gender-gap-tertiary.aspx?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
Eckermann, L. (2014). Gender, life span, and quality of life: An international perspective. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Publishers.
Editors. (2017, August 27). University gender gap at record high as 30,000 more women accepted. The Guardian.
Eisenchlas, S. A. (2013). Gender roles and expectations: Any changes online? SAGE Open, October–December 2013: 1–11.
Essays, UK. (2013). The effects on women during the industrial revolution history essay. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/history/the-effects-on-women-during-the-industrial-revolution-history-essay.php?vref=1
Estes, R. J. (2010). The world social situation: Development challenges at the outset of a new century. Social Indicators Research, 98(3), 363–402.
Estes, R. J. (2019). The social progress of nations, 1970–2020. Social Indicators Research (under review).
Estes, R. J., & Sirgy, M. J. (2018). Advances in well-being: Toward a better world for all. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Fidell, L. S., & DeLamater, J. D. (1971). Women in the professions. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Ford, L. (2015). Millennium development goal 3: 15 achievements on gender equality. The Guardian, March 26. Retrieved November 1, 2018 from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/mar/26/millennium-development-goal-3-15-achievements-on-gender-equality
Friedan, B. (1963). The feminine mystique. New York: W. W. Norton.
Harper, I. H. (1922). The history of women suffrage. 6 Volumes. Washington, DC: National American Women Suffrage Association.
International Confederation of Midwifery (ICM). (2018). About our work. Hague, The Netherlands. Retrieved November 26, 2018 from https://www.internationalmidwives.org/.
International Labour Organization (ILO). (2018). Global commission on the future of work. Geneva, Switzerland: ILO.
Jones-Rogers, S. E. (2019). They were her property: White women as slave owners in the American South. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Lopez, M. H., & Gonzalez-Barrera, A. (2014, March 6). Women’s college enrollment gains leave men behind. Pew Research Center: Fact Tank.
Loudon, I. (1993). Death in childbirth: An international study of maternal care and maternal mortality 1800–1950. London: Clarendon Press.
Martin, V. (2007). Property. New York: Vintage Books.
Mettrop, G. (1974). Child survival and family size. World of Irish Nursing, 3, 23–24.
Moon, B-K. (2011). Address to the 66th general assembly: “We the Peoples.” Retrieved November 23, 2018 from https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/speeches/2011-09-21/address-66th-general-assembly-we-peoples
National Organization for Women (NOW). (2018). Help build a feminist future. Retrieved November 1, 2018 from https://now.org/
Nearing, S., & Nearing, N. (1912). Women and social progress: A discussion of the biologic, domestic, industrial, and social possibilities of American Women. New York: Macmillan.
Roser, M., & Ortiz-Espina, E. (2018). Literacy. Retrieved November 12, 2018 from https://ourworldindata.org/literacy
Save the Children. (2018). Save the children annual review 2017. New York/London: Save the Children.
Science. (2018). Famous women scientists: The art of genius. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from https://www.famousscientists.org/10-famous-women-scientists/
Striking Women. (2017). Women after the war year. Retrieved November 13, 2018 from http://striking-women.org/module/women-and-work/post-world-war-ii-1946-1970
Tiliouine, H., & Estes, R. J. (Eds.). (2016). The state of social progress of Islamic societies: social, economic, political, and ideological challenges. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
UN Women. (2000). Five-year Review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (Beijing + 5) held in the General Assembly, 5–9 June 2000. New York: UN Women.
UN Women. (2018a). Women and the sustainable development goals (SDGs). New York: UN Women. Retrieved November 18, 2018 from http://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs
UN Women. (2018b). Turning promises into action: Gender equality in the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York: UN Women.
United Nations (UN). (1995). List of documents considered at the FWCW. Retrieved November 8, 2018 from http://www.un.org/esa/gopher-data/conf/fwcw/pim/doclist
United Nations (UN). (2015). Millennium development goals 2015 and beyond. Retrieved November 5, 2018 from http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/gender.shtml
United Nations (UN). (2018). Sustainable development goals: Knowledge platform. Retrieved November 1, 2018 from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP-HDR). (2005). Towards the rise of women in the Arab World. Cairo, Egypt: UNDP, Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS).
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2018). Human development report, 2018: Human development indices and indicators. New York: UNDP.
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2018). Annual statistical report, 2018. Paris: UNESCO.
United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME). (2018). The under-five mortality rate has fallen by more than half since 1990. Retrieved November, 11, 2018 from https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-survival/under-five-mortality/.
United Nations Population Division. (2017). World population prospects: Key findings and advance tables, 2017 revision. New York: UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA).
Vagianos, A. (2016). Women. HuffPost, September 27. Retrieved November 4, 2018 from https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/rights-women-have-gained-since-earning-the-right-to-vote_us_57e9ed33e4b0c2407cd93434-201
Verloo, M. (2018). Varieties of opposition to gender equality in Europe. London/New York: Taylor & Francis and Routledge.
Wilensky, H. L., & Lebeaux, C. N. (1965). Industrial society and social welfare. New York: Free Press.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Annual statistical report (p. 2017). Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018a). MDG 3: Promote gender equality and empower women. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Retrieved November 5, 2018 from http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/gender/en/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018b). WHO fact sheet: Sanitation. Retrieved November 21, 2018 from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018c). WHO fact sheet: Maternal mortality. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality
World Health Organization, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund, and The World Bank (WHO et al.). (2015). Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Estes, R.J. (2019). Women and Development: From Homemakers to Nation Builders. In: The Social Progress of Nations Revisited, 1970–2020. Social Indicators Research Series, vol 78. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15907-8_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15907-8_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15906-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15907-8
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)