Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Books Across Borders pp 1–39Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Introduction: The UNESCO Libraries Section

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 238 Accesses

Part of the book series: New Directions in Book History ((NDBH))

Abstract

This chapter introduces the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, the optimistic idealism that permeated the organization during its early days, and the early post–World War II context into which UNESCO, and its Libraries Section and Reconstruction Program specifically, emerged. UNESCO’s concern for books and libraries developed as a result of fascism’s targeted attacks in those areas, ranging from the public burning of books in 1933 and culminating in the theft, confiscation, and destruction of millions of books and thousands of libraries throughout the war years. The chapter also introduces the emotional relationships and connections that individuals, institutions, and organizations had with books and libraries, often seeing them as representatives of people and places lost during the war.

UNESCO brought individuals into communication from all over the world, most of whom were not native speakers of English or French, the main languages of the organization during its first years. Although in some cases it makes for awkward wording, most errors of orthography, grammar, usage, and so on, have been kept as they appear in the original documents.

To reflect current practice, UNESCO is used throughout this book and any quotes containing historic or French usage of Unesco have been changed for consistency.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Grayson Kefauver and Carl M. White, “Library Situation in Europe,” Library Journal 70 (1 May 1945), 387; Benjamin G. Martin, The Nazi-Fascist New Order for European Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016).

  2. 2.

    Byron Dexter, “UNESCO Faces Two Worlds,” Foreign Affairs 25:3 (April 1947): 388–407.

  3. 3.

    See Erik Nemeth, Cultural Security: Evaluating the Power of Culture in International Affairs (London: Imperial College Press, 2015); Gill Partington and Adam Smyth, eds., Book Destruction from the Medieval to the Contemporary (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); Rebecca Knuth, Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist Violence and Cultural Destruction (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006); Knuth, Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003).

  4. 4.

    Irina Bokova, “UNESCO’s Role in Emergency Situations: What Difference Can Soft Power Make in Times of Crisis?” Journal of International Affairs 70:2 (Summer 2017): 64.

  5. 5.

    UNESCO Constitution, 16 November 1945.

  6. 6.

    Edward Carter, The Future of London (London: Penguin Books, 1962), 16.

  7. 7.

    John Marshall to Rockefeller Foundation colleagues, November 1947. Rockefeller Archive Center (hereafter RAC), RG 3 Series 900 Box 24 Folder 191, 900 Program and Policy – Literature Aid 1945–1955.

  8. 8.

    Joseph Nye, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 31–32. See also Nye, “Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept,” Palgrave Communication (21 February 2017).

  9. 9.

    Ralph R. Shaw, Department of Agriculture Library, 21 August 1946. American Jewish Archives (hereafter AJA), Marshall Papers, Box 31 Folder 11, UNESCO [U.S. Natl Commission First Conference] 1946–1947. For a recent reflection see Tessa Blackstone, “Notebook: The Soft Power of Libraries, a Chinese Jane Eyre, and My Dreams of a Day at the Races,” New Statesman, 22–28 June 2018, 31.

  10. 10.

    J.P. Singh, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Creating Norms in a Complex World (London: Routledge, 2010), 5.

  11. 11.

    The Programme of UNESCO for 1947. UNESCO Archives, General Conference, First Session. ∗ NOTE about the UNESCO Archives. Unless otherwise noted all UA citations are from AG 8/2.2 REG, UNESCO, Bureau of General Services, Registry & Mail Division, Index of Inactive Correspondence Files, Series 1946/1956. Within that collection material is filed by a combination of numbers, letters, and symbols, followed by a title, and is sometimes further subdivided into parts or dated subsections. UA citations that include volume numbers refer to bound volumes of minutes and documents.

  12. 12.

    See Chloé Maurel, “L’action de l’UNESCO dans la domaine de la reconstruction,” Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société 19 (janvier-avril 2013): 1–15. Unless noted otherwise all translations from the French are my own.

  13. 13.

    Report of the Technical Sub-Committee to the Preparatory Commission transmitted to the General Conference, Paris, 15 November 1946, 1. UA, General Conference First Session Paris 1946, Documents.

  14. 14.

    “The story of the six million [murdered Jews] is also the story of the One Hundred Million. That is the toll of books destroyed by the Nazis throughout Europe in just twelve years.” Jonathan Rose, ed., The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001), 1.

  15. 15.

    UNESCO Memory of the World Program, Lost Memory: Libraries and Archives Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (Paris: UNESCO, 1996), 1.

  16. 16.

    Reichsleiter was the highest position attainable in the Nazi regime, reporting directly to Hitler. See Jürgen Matthäus and Frank Bajohr, eds., The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015); Sarah Gensburger, Witnessing the Robbing of the Jews: A Photographic Album, Paris, 1940–1944, trans. Jonathan Hensher (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2010).

  17. 17.

    Max Weinreich’s pioneering 1946 text on Nazi scholarship on the Jews, originally published in Yiddish, is still considered authoritative. Weinreich, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

  18. 18.

    There is an extensive body of research on Nazi looting and restitution. Originally these studies focused on art. See especially Lynn H. Nicolas, The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (New York: Knopf, 1994). The past decade or so has seen a turn to books and libraries as well. For some recent and important examples, see Anders Rydell, The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe’s Libraries and the Race to Return a Literary Inheritance (New York: Viking, 2017); David E. Fishman, The Book Smugglers: Partisans, Poets, and the Race to Save Jewish Treasures from the Nazis, The True Story of the Paper Brigade of Vilna (Lebanon, NY: ForeEdge, 2017); Mark Glickman, Stolen Words: The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2016); Michael J. Kurtz, America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe’s Cultural Treasures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

  19. 19.

    Maria Danilewicz, “The Post-War Problems of Continental Libraries,” Journal of Documentation 1 (1945): 81–88, reprinted in 61:3 (2005): 334.

  20. 20.

    For a fascinating examination of people’s relationships with material objects after trauma in a different context see Jonathan Bach, What Remains: Everyday Encounters with the Socialist Past in Germany (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017). For a powerfully moving description of the postwar significance of a single surviving book see Rydell, The Book Thieves, ix–xiii.

  21. 21.

    Helena Więckowska, “The Rebirth of the National Library of Warsaw,” The Library Association Record (October 1946), 246.

  22. 22.

    UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries II:4 (April 1948), 120.

  23. 23.

    L.J. Lind to Secretary, Permanent Bureau of International Publishers Association, 27 October 1947. UA, Cheap Books.

  24. 24.

    Undated memorandum by Mr. Theodore Besterman on a Proposed International Library Clearing-House. UA, AME/B/26.

  25. 25.

    “UNESCO and Cheap Books,” p.3, 5, [28 February 1948]. UA, 04 A 335, Cheap Books.

  26. 26.

    Julian Behrstock, “Free Flow of Information: UNESCO’s World-Wide Program,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 26:4 (December 1, 1949): 453.

  27. 27.

    Gail Dexter Lord and Ngaire Blankenberg, Cities, Museums and Soft Power (Washington, D.C.: American Alliance of Museums, 2015), 208.

  28. 28.

    UNESCO Preparatory Commission, The Libraries Programme, Opening Remarks by the Counsellor, 31 May 1946. UA, Preparatory Commission, Vol. V Program Committees.

  29. 29.

    UNESCO Libraries Progress Report for 1947, 26 September 1947, AJA, Marshall Papers, 30/2.

  30. 30.

    Tom Allbeson, “At the Crossroads of Cultural Memory and Utopian Thinking: Photography, Architecture and the Establishment of UNESCO,” International Society for Cultural History Annual Conference, Oslo, 3–6 August 2011. See also Allbeson, “Ruins, Reconstruction and Representation: Photography and the City in Postwar Western Europe (1945–58),” PhD Dissertation, Durham University, 2012.

  31. 31.

    Robert Darnton, “What is the History of Books?” Daedalus 111:3 Representations and Realities (Summer 1982): 81.

  32. 32.

    Chloé Maurel, “L’UNESCO: une plate-forme pour les circulations transnationales de savoirs et d’idées (1945–1980),” Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société 15 (septembre-décembre 2011): 1.

  33. 33.

    UNESCO Executive Board, Committee for Cultural Reconstruction, 3rd Session, 1 October 1947, Minutes of the 1st Meeting, p.11. UA, 361.9 A 20, Reconstruction Needs General.

  34. 34.

    Nye, Bound to Lead, 255–257.

  35. 35.

    Mark Mazower, “Reconstruction: The Historiographical Issues,” Past and Present 210 Supplement 6 (2011), 26.

  36. 36.

    For additional discussion on the question of normality and a return to normality postwar see Richard Bessel and Dirk Shumann, eds., Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003): 5–6.

  37. 37.

    Edward J. Carter, “A Reply to Dr. Sigerist’s ‘Open Letter to UNESCO,’ ” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22 (March–April 1948): 834.

  38. 38.

    Emphasis in original. UNESCO Preparatory Commission, Committee on Libraries, Museums, Publications and Special Projects, Memorandum on Problems and Policies, Section I Preamble. UA, Preparatory Commission, London-Paris 1945–1946, Vol. V Programme Committees.

  39. 39.

    UNESCO Preparatory Commission, The Libraries Programme, Opening Remarks by the Counsellor, 31 May 1946. UA, Preparatory Commission, Vol. V Program Committees.

  40. 40.

    John Marshall, Report prepared for use in connection with the 1946 President’s Review. Rockefeller Archive Center (hereafter RAC), RG 3 Series 900 Box 24 Folder 191, 900 Program and Policy – Literature Aid 1945–1955.

  41. 41.

    Then Director-General Koïchiro Matsuura did launch in 2005, in conjunction with UNESCO’s 60th anniversary, the UNESCO History Project: http://www.UNESCO.org/archives/multimedia/?pg=54&pattern=UNESCO+History+Project. Accessed 2 January 2019. The project has stagnated due to economic difficulties, exacerbated since the United States pulled its funding to UNESCO after Palestine was voted a member nation in 2011.

  42. 42.

    These include but are not limited to: Louis H. Porter, “Cold War Internationalisms: The USSR in UNESCO, 1945–1967,” PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2018; Poul Duedahl, ed., A History of UNESCO: Global Actions and Impacts (Palgrave Macmillan 2016); Chloé Maurel, Histoire de l’UNESCO: Les trente premières années. 1945–1974 (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010); Singh, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

  43. 43.

    This literature is in an exciting state of expansion. One fascinating recent example takes a deep look at the role of UNESCO, and other UN agencies, in environmental matters: Perrin Selcer, The Postwar Origins of the Global Environment: How the United Nations Built Spaceship Earth (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018). See also Selcer, “Patterns of Science: Developing Knowledge for a World Community at UNESCO,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 2011. Another examines its role in human rights: Mark Goodale, Letters to the Contrary: A Curated History of the UNESCO Human Rights Survey (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018). Another focuses on education: Aigul Kulnazarova and Christian Ydesen, eds., UNESCO Without Borders: Educational Campaigns for International Understanding (London and New York: Routledge, 2017).

  44. 44.

    P.S.J. Welsford, “International and Overseas Contacts with special reference to the Book Recovery Campaign and the Services’ Libraries,” The Library Association Record 47:7 (July 1945): 133.

  45. 45.

    D.J. Urquhard, “IFLA – A Provocative View” in Willem R.H. Koops and Joachim Wieder, eds., IFLA’s First Fifty Years (Munich: Verlag Dokumentation, Publishers, 1977), 133.

  46. 46.

    Frederick Stielow, “Librarian Warriors and Rapprochement: Carl Milam, Archibald MacLeish, and World War II,” Libraries & Culture 25:4 (Fall, 1990): 513–533.

  47. 47.

    Patti Clayton Becker, Books and Libraries in American Society during World War II : Weapons in the War of Ideas (New York: Routledge, 2005), 200.

  48. 48.

    Carlyle Morgan, “Putting UNESCO Back in the UN: Toward Tomorrow,” Christian Science Monitor, 23 September 1949.

  49. 49.

    Charles H. Reilly, Scaffolding in the Sky: A Semi-Architectural Autobiography (London: Routledge, 1938), 310.

  50. 50.

    W.H. Ansell, “Edward Carter,” Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (April 1946): 250.

  51. 51.

    Jonathan Glancey, “Exile and Excellence,” The Independent (11 December 1995).

  52. 52.

    Jacob Zuckerman, Curriculum Vitae, 21 February 1968. Zuckerman Family, Private Collection (hereafter Zuckerman Family Papers). With grateful thanks to the Zuckerman family for allowing me full access to Jacob Zuckerman’s papers.

  53. 53.

    Journal officiel de la République française, 16 mars 1969, 2711.

  54. 54.

    “Perfect knowledge of English, French German; good knowledge of Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Hebrew, Yiddish.” Jacob Zuckerman, Curriculum Vitae, 21 February 1968. Zuckerman Family Papers.

  55. 55.

    Marcus Wheeler, “Maria Danilewicz Zielińska,” The Independent, 23 June 2003.

  56. 56.

    Maria Danilewicz Zielińska, Szkice O Literaturze Emigracyjnej (Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1978).

  57. 57.

    Herbert Lindenberger, One Family’s Shoah: Victimization, Resistance, Survival in Nazi Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013), 81–88.

  58. 58.

    Luther H. Evans, “UNESCO Work and Method Illustrated by the Library Programs” in Leon Carnovsky, ed., International Aspects of Librarianship: Papers Presented before the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 1954), 12.

  59. 59.

    “100 of the Most Important Leaders We Had in the 20th Century,” American Libraries 30:11 (December 1999): 38.

  60. 60.

    Edward J. Carter to B.N. Headicar, Confidential, 7 May 1946. UA, 04(41-4) A 031, BNBC British Nat. Book Centre (formerly Inter Allied Book Centre) (hereafter BNBC-IABD).

  61. 61.

    Noë Richter, “Introduction à l’histoire de la lecture publique,” Bulletin des bibliothèques de France 4 (1979): 167–174; Richter, Les médiateurs du livre (Bernay: Société d’histoire de la lecture, 2002), 107; Richter, Bâtisseurs et acteurs de la lecture (Bernay: Société d’histoire de la lecture, 1999), 9; Pascal Ory, La belle illusion: culture et politique sous le signe du Front populaire 1935–1938 (Paris: Plon, 1994).

  62. 62.

    J.-O. Moreau, La France au Combat (26 April 1945), 1. La France au Combat was the newspaper for the underground resistance movement of the same name, founded in October 1943 by André Boyer.

  63. 63.

    Carter , Paper read to the UNESCO Summer School for Public Librarians, 27 August 1948, 4, 6. UA, 02 A 073(41-4) “48” Int. Summer Course for Librarians-UK-September 1948 (hereafter UA, Summer Course).

  64. 64.

    Maurel, Histoire de l’UNESCO, 40–41; Herbert Coblans, “The International Organization of Culture: Has UNESCO Justified Itself?” Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory 4(1952): 41–48.

  65. 65.

    Stephen A. Freeman, “Report on UNESCO,” The French Review 21:6 (May, 1948): 443. For more about the reliance on these other bodies see Thomas G. Weiss, Tatiana Carayannis, and Richard Jolly, “The ‘Third’ United Nations,” Global Governance 15 (2009): 123–142.

  66. 66.

    Provisional verbatim report of first meeting, 28 November 1946, p.8. UA, General Conference 1 Session Paris 1946, Programme Commission I, Vol. 5 Documents.

  67. 67.

    Luther H. Evans, “The Library Program of UNESCO,” DC Libraries 19:2 (January 1948): 21.

  68. 68.

    Joan Smith, “All In A Day’s Work,” Lien/Link (undated). Ms. Smith may have been inspired by the title Élan, Impetus in English, of the UNESCO Reconstruction Department’s monthly publication.

  69. 69.

    James Marshall to Judah Magnes, 2 January 1947. AJA, Marshall Papers, Box 21 Folder 9 Magnes, Judah L. 1909–1948.

  70. 70.

    Jacob Zuckerman, Memoirs (untitled and undated), 63. Zuckerman Family Papers.

  71. 71.

    Untitled, unsigned, undated [circa 1946–1947]. UA, 361.9: 02, Reconstruction Libraries.

  72. 72.

    This imbalance is reflected in the UNESCO Book of Needs. Volume 1 appeared in 1947 and covered conditions in Austria, Belgium, Burma, China, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia, France, Greece, Iran, Italy, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, and Yugoslavia. Volume 2 appeared in 1949 and covered Burma, China, Hungary, India, Malaya and Singapore, Malta, North Borneo, Philippines, and Sarawak. UNESCO, UNESCO Book of Needs in Education, Science, and Culture of War Devastated Countries (Paris: UNESCO, 1947; 1949).

  73. 73.

    The four larger delegations came from the UK (originator of CAME), France (UNESCO’s host nation), the United States (key founder and funder of UNESCO and a much larger and more populous nation), and China (also much larger and more populous).

  74. 74.

    Sprawozdanie Klary Jastroch z delegacji do UNESCO w Londynie (nr.G.M.-II-46), Warsaw, 25 April 1946. Archiwum Akt Nowych, Ministerstwo Oświaty w Warszawie [1944] 1945–1966 (hereafter AAN, Ministerstwo Oświaty [Central Archives of Modern Records, Ministry of Education in Warsaw]), File 807.

  75. 75.

    Commission on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Provisional Verbatim Record of the First Meeting, 25 November 1946, p.1. UA, General Conference 1. Session Paris 1946, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission, Volume 8 Documents.

  76. 76.

    Commission on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Provisional Verbatim Record of the First Meeting, 25 November 1946, 31.

  77. 77.

    Robert Voleur, typescript eulogy, Bernard Drzewieski. UA, Personnel files.

  78. 78.

    Bernard Drzewieski, in Calling All Europe: A Symposium of Speeches on the Future Order of Europe (London: Socialist Vanguard Group, 5–6 April 1942), 16.

  79. 79.

    Provisional record of the Second Plenary Meeting, London, 19 November 1945. UA, Preparatory Commission, London-Paris, 1945–1946, Vol. II Records of Plenary Meetings.

  80. 80.

    Archived broadcasts, most from the show, Tribune de Paris , include, “L’ONU: La reconstruction pacifique et l’UNESCO,” with Henri Laugier of the UN and Roger Seydoux speaking from Hunter College, NY via La Voix du Canada, 9 June 1946; “UNESCO,” with Eve Curie, Jean Painlevé, Vladimir Porche[?] and Léon Blum, 5 August 1946; “L’UNESCO est à Paris,” with Julian Huxley, Sir Alfred Zimmern, Jean Thomas, and Roger Seydoux, 25 September 1946; “Les bons d’entre-aide de l’UNESCO,” 5 November 1951. Inathèque de France.

  81. 81.

    Commission on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation, Provisional Verbatim Record of the Third Meeting, 26 November 1946, Paris, 26 November 1946. UA, General Conference 1 Session Paris 1946, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Commission, Documents, 5.

  82. 82.

    Maritain to Ministre des Affaires Étrangères, 28 January 1948, p.14. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes, Direction des Archives (hereafter MAE), S50 3–5 UNESCO.

  83. 83.

    For more about the American–British–French debates over UNESCO’s founding, see, for example, Maurel, Histoire de l’UNESCO; Iris Julia Bührle, “La France et l’UNESCO de 1945 à 1958” Revue d’histoire diplomatique 122:2 (2008): 117–29; William Preston, Edward Herman, and Herbert Schiller, Hope & Folly: The United States and UNESCO 1945–1985 (University of Minnesota Press, 1989); William R. Pendergast, “UNESCO and French Cultural Relations 1945–1970” International Organization 30:3 (Summer 1976): 454–483.

  84. 84.

    “UNESCO,” Tribune de Paris, with Eve Curie, Jean Painlevé, Vladimir Porche[?] and Léon Blum, 5 August 1946. Inathèque de France.

  85. 85.

    UNESCO Month [brochure], November 1946. Zuckerman Family Papers.

Bibliography

Archives

Publications

  • Allbeson, Tom, “Photographic Diplomacy in the Postwar World: UNESCO and the Conception of Photography as a Universal Language,” Modern Intellectual History 12:2 (2015): 383–415.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allbeson, Tom, “Ruins, Reconstruction and Representation: Photography and the City in Postwar Western Europe (1945–58),” PhD Dissertation, Durham University, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ansell, W.H., “Edward Carter,” Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (April 1946): 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bach, Jonathan, What Remains: Everyday Encounters with the Socialist Past in Germany (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, Joseph A., Libraries in Need (Paris: UNESCO, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, Patti Clayton, Books and Libraries in American Society during World War II: Weapons in the War of Ideas (New York: Routledge, 2005).

    Google Scholar 

  • Behrstock, Julian, “Free Flow of Information: UNESCO’s World-Wide Program,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 26:4 (December 1, 1949): 453–460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessel, Richard and Dirk Schumann, eds., Life after Death: Approaches to a Cultural and Social History of Europe during the 1940s and 1950s (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, Léon, La France et l’U.N.E.S.C.O. (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1946).

    Google Scholar 

  • Irina Bokova, “UNESCO’s Role in Emergency Situations: What Difference Can Soft Power Make in Times of Crisis?” Journal of International Affairs 70:2 (Summer 2017): 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bührle, Iris Julia, “La France et l’UNESCO de 1945 à 1958” Revue d’histoire diplomatique 122:2 (2008): 117–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, Pierce, ed., Books and Libraries in Wartime (University of Chicago Press, 1945).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carnovsky, Leon, ed., International Aspects of Librarianship: Papers Presented before the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Graduate Library School of the University of Chicago (University of Chicago Press, 1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, Edward J., “A Reply to Dr. Sigerist’s ‘Open Letter to UNESCO,’” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 22 (March–April 1948): 833–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, Edward, The Future of London (London: Penguin Books, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coblans, Herbert, “The International Organization of Culture: Has UNESCO Justified Itself?” Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory 4 (1952): 41–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, Sebastian, What is Global History? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Danilewicz, Maria “The Post-War Problems of Continental Libraries,” Journal of Documentation 1 (1945): 81–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darnton, Robert, “What is the History of Books?” Daedalus 111:3 Representations and Realities (Summer 1982): 65–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, Byron, “UNESCO Faces Two Worlds,” Foreign Affairs 25:3 (April 1947): 388–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drzewieski, Bernard, “Reconstruction: UNESCO’s Most Urgent Task,” World Affairs 110:3 (Fall, 1947): 177–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duedahl, Poul, ed., A History of UNESCO: Global Actions and Impacts (Palgrave Macmillan 2016).

    Google Scholar 

  • Duedahl, Poul, “Selling Mankind: UNESCO and the Invention of Global History, 1945–1976,” Journal of World History 22:1 (2011): 101–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, Luther H., “The Library Program of UNESCO,” DC Libraries 19:2 (January 1948): 21–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, David E., The Book Smugglers: Partisans, Poets, and the Race to Save Jewish Treasures from the Nazis, The True Story of the Paper Brigade of Vilna (Lebanon, NY: ForeEdge, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, Stephan A., “Report on UNESCO,” The French Review 21:6 (May 1948): 442–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gensburger, Sarah, Witnessing the Robbing of the Jews: A Photographic Album, Paris, 1940–1944, trans. Jonathan Hensher (Bloomington & Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Giton, Céline,“La politique du livre de l’UNESCO (1945–1974),” PhD dissertation, Le Centre d’histoire de Sciences Po, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glancey, Jonathan, “Exile and Excellence,” The Independent (11 December 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  • Glickman, Mark, Stolen Words: The Nazi Plunder of Jewish Books (Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, 2016).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goodale, Mark, Letters to the Contrary: A Curated History of the UNESCO Human Rights Survey (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2018).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolly, Richard, Louis Emmerij, and Thomas G. Weiss, UN Ideas That Changed the World (Indiana University Press, 2009).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kefauver, Grayson and Carl M. White, “Library Situation in Europe,” Library Journal 70 (1 May 1945): 385–389.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knuth, Rebecca, Burning Books and Leveling Libraries: Extremist Violence and Cultural Destruction (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Knuth, Rebecca, Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 2003).

    Google Scholar 

  • Koops, Willem R.H. and Joachim Wieder, eds., IFLA’s First Fifty Years (Munich: Verlag Dokumentation, Publishers, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraske, Gary E., Missionaries of the Book: The American Library Profession and the Origins of United States Cultural Diplomacy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulnazarova, Aigul and Christian Ydesen, eds., UNESCO Without Borders: Educational Campaigns for International Understanding (London and New York: Routledge, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz, Michael J., America and the Return of Nazi Contraband: The Recovery of Europe’s Cultural Treasures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindenberger, Herbert, One Family’s Shoah: Victimization, Resistance, Survival in Nazi Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, Gail Dexter and Ngaire Blankenberg, Cities, Museums and Soft Power (Washington, D.C.: American Alliance of Museums, 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maritain, Jacques, “The Goal of UNESCO,” The Modern Schoolman XXV:4 (May 1948): 211–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, Benjamin G. The Nazi-Fascist New Order for European Culture (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Matthäus, Jürgen and Frank Bajohr, eds., The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maurel, Chloé, “L’action de l’UNESCO dans la domaine de la reconstruction,” Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société 19 (janvier–avril 2013): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurel, Chloé, “L’UNESCO: une plate-forme pour les circulations transnationales de savoirs et d’idées (1945–1980),” Histoire@Politique. Politique, culture, société 15 (septembre–décembre 2011): 1–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maurel, Chloé, Histoire de l’UNESCO: Les trente premières années. 1945–1974 (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazower, Mark, “Reconstruction: The Historiographical Issues,” Past and Present 210 Supplement 6 (2011): 17–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMurry, Ruth Emily, Muna Lee and Archibald MacLeish, The Cultural Approach, Another Way in International Relations (University of North Carolina Press, 1947).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nemeth, Erik, Cultural Security: Evaluating the Power of Culture in International Affairs (London: Imperial College Press, 2015).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nicolas, Lynn H., The Rape of Europa: The Fate of Europe’s Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War (New York: Knopf, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, “Soft Power: The Origins and Political Progress of a Concept,” Palgrave Communication (21 February 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nye, Joseph, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ory, Pascal, La belle illusion: culture et politique sous le signe du Front populaire 1935–1938 (Paris: Plon, 1994).

    Google Scholar 

  • Partington, Gill and Adam Smyth, editors, Book Destruction from the Medieval to the Contemporary (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pendergast, William R., “UNESCO and French Cultural Relations 1945–1970” International Organization 30:3 (Summer 1976): 454–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, Louis H., “Cold War Internationalisms: The USSR in UNESCO, 1945–1967,” PhD Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, William, Edward Herman and Herbert Schiller, Hope & Folly: The United States and UNESCO 1945–1985 (University of Minnesota Press, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reflections on Our Age: Lectures Delivered at the Opening Session of UNESCO at the Sorbonne University, Paris (New York: Columbia University Press, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, Charles H., Scaffolding in the Sky: A Semi-Architectural Autobiography (London: Routledge, 1938).

    Google Scholar 

  • Richter, Noë, “Introduction à l’histoire de la lecture publique,” Bulletin des bibliothèques de France 4 (1979): 167–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, Jonathan, ed., The Holocaust and the Book: Destruction and Preservation (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rydell, Anders, The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe’s Libraries and the Race to Return a Literary Inheritance (New York: Viking, 2017).

    Google Scholar 

  • Selcer, Perrin, The Postwar Origins of the Global Environment: How the United Nations Built Spaceship Earth (New York: Columbia University Press, 2018).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, J.P., United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: Creating Norms in a Complex World (London: Routledge, 2010).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stielow, Frederick, “Librarian Warriors and Rapprochement: Carl Milam, Archibald MacLeish, and World War II,” Libraries & Culture 25:4 (Fall 1990): 513–533

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO, UNESCO Book of Needs in Education, Science, and Culture of War Devastated Countries (Paris: UNESCO, 1947; 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNESCO Memory of the World Program, Lost Memory: Libraries and Archives Destroyed in the Twentieth Century (Paris: UNESCO, 1996).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinreich, Max, Hitler’s Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany’s Crimes Against the Jewish People (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, Thomas G., Tatiana Carayannis, and Richard Jolly, “The ‘Third’ United Nations,” Global Governance 15 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, Marcus, “Maria Danilewicz Zielinska,” The Independent, 23 June 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  • Więckowska, Helena, “The Rebirth of the National Library of Warsaw,” The Library Association Record (October 1946): 245–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielińska, Maria Danilewicz, Szkice O Literaturze Emigracyjnej (Paris: Instytut Literacki, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alden Library, Ohio University Libraries, Athens, OH, USA

    Miriam Intrator

Authors
  1. Miriam Intrator
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Intrator, M. (2019). Introduction: The UNESCO Libraries Section. In: Books Across Borders. New Directions in Book History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15816-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation