Abstract
The incidence of nephrolithiasis in pediatrics is increasing. All children with nephrolithiasis should have a complete metabolic evaluation on initial presentation, as a metabolic risk factor may be found in the majority of children. Careful consideration in pediatric nephrolithiasis of rare genetic causes of kidney stones disease should be at the forefront of the evaluation, as many of these disorders present in childhood and are associated with a lifetime of morbidities related to nephrolithiasis as well as the risk for development of chronic kidney disease. Treatment of the underlying metabolic risk factors helps prevent further stone formation and the morbidities associated with stone formation, such as pain, surgery, and chronic kidney disease.
Keywords
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Taisan GE, Ross ME, Liahi S, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997–2012, with a particular increase in the adolescent female population. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(3):488–96.
Novak TE, Lakshmanan Y, Trock BJ, et al. Sex prevalence of pediatric kidney stone disease in the United States. Urology. 2009;74(1):104–7.
Dwyer ME, Krambeck AE, Bergstralh EJ, et al. Temporal trends in incidence of kidney stones among children: a 25-year population based study. J Urol. 2012;188:247–52.
Bonzo JR, Taisan GE. The emergence of kidney stone disease during childhood—impact on adults. Curr Urol Rep. 2017;18(44):1–6.
Tasian GE, Kabarriti AE, Kalmus A, et al. Kidneystone recurrence among children and adolescents. J Urol. 2017;197:246–52.
Cameron MA, Sakhaee K, Moe OW. Nephrolithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1587–92.
Hoppe B, Kemper MJ. Diagnostic examination of the child with urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:403–13.
Spivacow FR, Negri AL, del Valle EE, et al. Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008;23:1129–33.
Cochat P, Pichault V, Bacchetta J, et al. Nephrolithiasis related to inborn metabolic disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:415–24.
Edvardsson V, Goldfarb D, Lieske J, et al. Hereditary causes of kidney stones and chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28:1923–42.
Braun DA, Lawson JA, Gee HY, et al. Prevalence of monogenic causes in pediatric patients with nephrolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11(4):664–72.
Daga A, Majmundar AJ, Braun DA, Gee HY, et al. Whole exome sequencing frequently detects a monogenic cause in early onset nephrolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis. Kidney Int. 2018;93(1):204–13.
Guven AG, Koyun M, Baysal YE, et al. Urolithiasis in the first year of life. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:129–34.
Poito C, La Manna A, Signoriello G, Marte A. Recurrent abdominal pain in childhood urolithiasis. Pediatrics. 2009;124(6):e1088–94.
Schell-Feith EA, Kist-van Holthe JE, van der Heijden AJ. Nephrocalcinosis in preterm infants. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:221–30.
Skolarikos A, Dellis A, Knoll T. Ureteropelvic obstruction and renal stones: etiology and treatment. Urolithiasis. 2015;43(1):5–12.
Stephany HA, Clayton DB, Tanaka ST, et al. Development of upper tract stones in patients with congenital neurogenic bladder. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(1):112–7.
Raj GV, Auge BK, Assimos D, et al. Metabolic abnormalities associated with renal calculi in patients with horseshoe kidneys. J Endourol. 2004;18(2):157–61.
Nazzal L, Puri S, Goldfarb D. Enteric hyperoxaluria: an important cause of end-stage kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31L:375–82.
Asplin J. The management of patients with enteric hyperoxaluria. Urolithiasis. 2016;44:33–43.
Gibeny E, Goldfarb D. The association of nephrolithiasis with cystic fibrosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;42:1–11.
Pober B. Williams-Beuren syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:239–52.
Weinstein DA, Somers MJ, Wolfsdorf JI. Decreased urinary citrate excretion in type 1a glycogen storage disease. J Pediatr. 2001;138(3):378–82.
Rake J, Visser G, Labrune P, et al. Guidelines for management of glycogen storage disease type 1—European study on glycogen storage disease type 1 (ESGSD 1). Eur J Pediatr. 2002;161(1):S112–9.
McNally M, Pyzik P, Rubenstein J, et al. Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet. Pediatrics. 2009;124:e300–4.
Kossoff E, Pyzik P, Furth S, et al. Kidney stones, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia. 2002;43(10):1168–71.
Blank S, Scanlon KS, Sinks TH, et al. An outbreak of hypervitaminosis D associated with the overfortification of milk from a home delivery-dairy. Am J Public Health. 1995;85(5):656–9.
Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, et al. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. J Urol. 2003;2(1):397–401.
Saltel E, Angel JB, Futter NG, et al. Increased prevalence and analysis of risk factors for indinavir nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 2000;164(6):1895–7.
Raheem O, Mirheydar H, Palazzi K, et al. Prevalence of nephrolithiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients on the highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Endourol. 2012;26(8):1095–8.
Grant MT, Eisner BH, Bechis SK. Ureteral obstruction due to radiolucent atazanavir ureteral stone. J Endourol Case Rep. 2017;3(1):152–4.
Rockwood N, Mandalia S, Bower M. Ritonavir boosted atazanavir exposure is associated with an increased rate of renal stones compared with efavirenz, ritonavir-boosted lopinavir and ritonavir-boosted darunavir. AIDS. 2011;25(13):1671–3.
Azvi Z, Koktener A, Uras N, et al. Nephrolithiasis associated with ceftriaxone therapy a prospective study in 51 children. Arch Dis Child. 2004;11:1069–72.
Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20(10):2253–9.
Nouvenne A, Ticinesi A, Morelli I, et al. Fad diets and their effect on urinary stone formation. Transl Androl Urol. 2014;3(3):303–12.
Lopez M, Hoppe B. History epidemiology and regional diversities of urolithaisis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:49–59.
Coe F, Parks JH, Moore ES. Familial idiopathic hypercalciuria. NEJM. 1979;300:337–40.
Passerotti C, Chow JS, Silva A, et al. Ultrasound versus computerized tomography for evaluation of urolithiasis. J Urol. 2009;182(4 suppl):1829–34.
Coe F, Worcester E, Evan A. Idiopathic hypercalciuria and formation of calcium renal stones. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12(9):519–33.
Hoppe B, Beck BB, Milliner DS. The primary hyperoxalurias. Kidney Int. 2009;75:1264–71.
Sumorok N, Goldfarb D. Update on cystinuria. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2013;22(4):427–31.
Wang SS, Devuyst O, Courtoy PJ, et al. Mice lacking renal chloride channel CLC-5 are a model for Dent’s disease, a nephrolithiasis disorder associated with defective receptor-mediated endocytosis. Hum Mol Genet. 2000;9:2937–45.
Hoopes RR Jr, Shrimpton AE, Knohl SJ, et al. Dent disease with mutations in OCRL1. Am J Hum Genet. 2005;76:260–7.
Williams-Larson AW. Urinary calculi associated with purine metabolism. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 1990;19(4):821–38.
Torres R, Puig J, Jinnah H. Update on the phenotypic spectrum of Lesch-Nyhan disease and its attenuated variants. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012;14(2):189–94.
Jones DP, Mahmoud H, Chesney RW. Tumor lysis syndrome: pathogenesis and management. Pediatr Nephrol. 1995;9(2):206–12.
Goldman SC, Holcenberg JS, Finklestein JZ, et al. Randomized comparison between rasburicase and allopurinol in children with lymphoma or leukemia at high risk for tumor lysis. Blood. 2001;97(10):2998–3003.
Edvardsson V, Palsson R, Olafsson I, et al. Clinical features and genotype of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency in Iceland. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:473–90.
Bollee G, Dollinger C, Boutaaud L, et al. Phenotype and genotype characterization of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:679–88.
Matos V, van Melle G, Boulat O, et al. Urinary phosphate/creatinine, calcium/creatinine, and magnesium/creatinine ratios in a healthy pediatric population. J Pediatr. 1997;131:252–7.
Miliner DS. Urolithiasis. In: Avner ED, Harmon WE, Niaudet P, Yoshikawa N, editors. Pediatric nephrology, Vol. 2. 6th ed. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer; 2009. p. 1405–30.
So NP, Osoria AV, Simon SD, et al. Normal urinary calcium/creatinine ratios in African-American and Caucasian children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:133–9.
Polinsky MS, Kaiser BA, Baluarte HJ, et al. Renal stones and hypercalciuria. In: Barnes LA, DeVivo DC, Kaback MM, Morrow G, Oski FA, Rudolph AM, editors. Advances in pediatrics, vol. 40. St. Louis: Mosby; 1993. p. 353–84.
Matoo A, Goldfarb DS. Cystinuria. Semin Nephrol. 2008;28(2):181–91.
Baum MA. Approach to stone formation in the pediatric population. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab. 2012;10:50–60.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baum, M.A. (2019). Evaluation and Management of Pediatric Nephrolithiasis. In: Han, H., Mutter, W., Nasser, S. (eds) Nutritional and Medical Management of Kidney Stones. Nutrition and Health. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15534-6_23
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15534-6_23
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15533-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15534-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)