Advertisement

Nutritional Management of Unknown Types of Stones

  • Diana El Jundi
  • Zeina Younes
Chapter
First Online:
  • 512 Downloads
Part of the Nutrition and Health book series (NH)

Abstract

Chemical stone analysis combined with clinical assessment, blood work, and a 24-hour urine collection can be very helpful to determine how best to prevent future stones. However, not all patients have the benefit of stone collection. Kidney stones may be incidentally noticed on imaging or may pass without notice. Those patients with unknown stones pose a challenge for medical and dietary management and require thoughtful analysis of the data available as well as good general understanding of stone prevention strategies. Blood work, imaging, and a 24-hour urine collection may give insight about the type of stone. The key to management is focusing on strategies that will decrease the risk of multiple stone types while at the same time avoiding dietary modification that could inadvertently increase the risk of stone formation. Generally safe and reasonable dietary recommendations include adequate fluid intake of 2.5–3 liters a day, low sodium, adequate amount of dietary calcium intake, animal protein restriction, and weight loss, if necessary.

Keywords

Nephrolithiasis Nonobstructive Urolithiasis Unknown kidney stones 24-hour urine Calcium oxalate 

Abbreviations

BMI

Body mass index

CT

Computed tomography

DASH

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

US

Ultrasound

This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access.

References

  1. 1.
    Coe FL, Evan A, Worcester E. Kidney stone disease. J Clin Invest. 2005;115(10):2598–608.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. 2.
    Frassetto L, Kohlstadt I. Treatment and prevention of kidney stones: an update. Am Fam Physician. 2011;84(11):1234–42.PubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
  3. 3.
    Preminger GM. 2016. Management of ureteral calculi. UpToDate Topic 7376 Version 19.0 Available: https://www.uptodate.com/index.html#!/contents/management-of-ureteral-calculi. Accessed 15 Dec 2016.
  4. 4.
    Papadoukakis S, Stolzenburg JU, Truss M. Treatment strategies of ureteral stones. EAU-EBU Update Series. 2006;4:184–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. 5.
    Pfau A, Knauf F. Update on nephrolithiasis: core curriculum. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;68(6):973–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. 6.
    Selby MG, Vrtiska TJ, Krambeck AE, et al. Quantification of asymptomatic kidney stone burden by computed tomography for predicting future symptomatic stone events. Urology. 2015;85(1):45–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. 7.
    Taylor EN, Curhan GC. Diet and fluid prescription in stone disease. Kidney Int. 2006;70:835–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. 8.
    Miller NL, Lingeman JE. Management of kidney stones. BMJ. 2007;334:468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. 9.
    Eisner BH, Sheth S, Dretler SP, Herrick B, et al. Abnormalities of 24-hour urine composition in first-time and recurrent stone-formers. Urology. 2012;80(4):776–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. 10.
    Goldfarb DS, Arowojolu O. Metabolic evaluation of first-time and recurrent stone formers. Urol Clin North Am. 2013;40(1):13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. 11.
    Curhan G, Willet W, Speizer E, et al. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(7):497–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. 12.
    Heilberg IP, Goldfarb DS. Optimum nutrition for kidney stone disease. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2013;20(2):165–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. 13.
    Curhan GC, Goldfarb S, Lam AQ. 2016. Risk factors for calcium stones in adults. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-factors-for-calcium-stones-in adults?source=search_result&search=risk+factors+for+kidney+stones&selectedTitle=1~150. Accessed 1 Mar 2016.
  14. 14.
    Finkielstein VA, Goldfarb DS. Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. CMAJ. 2006;174(10):1407–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. 15.
    Moreira DM, Friedlander JI, Carons A, et al. Association of serum biochemical metabolic panel with stone composition. Int J Urol. 2015;22:195–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. 16.
    Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Sinnott B. Kidney stones 2012: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(6):1847–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. 17.
    Fink HA, Wilt TJ, Eidman KE, Garimella PS, et al. Medical management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians Clinical Guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(7):535–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. 18.
    Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guidelines. J Urol. 2014;192:316–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. 19.
    Han H, Segal AM, Seifter JL, et al. Nutritional management of kidney stones (nephrolithiasis). Clin Nutr Res. 2015;4:137–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. 20.
    Thongprayoon C, Cheungpasitporna W, Vijayvargiyab P, et al. The risk of kidney stones following bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ren Fail. 2016;38(3):424–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

Authors and Affiliations

  • Diana El Jundi
    • 1
  • Zeina Younes
    • 2
  1. 1.Dubai Diabetes CenterDubaiUAE
  2. 2.The GreensDubaiUnited Arab Emirates

Personalised recommendations

Cite chapter

Buy options