Abstract
The “study of ancient words and phrases” (kobunjigaku) of Ogyū Sorai (1666–1728) is not merely a method for writing and reading literary treatises or prose and poetry in Classical Chinese. It is also important as a methodology that helped Sorai to interpret the primary corpus of “ancient words and phrases” (kobunji), which includes the Classics, i.e., the canonical texts of Confucianism. It gave Sorai his grasp on the “ancient language” and allowed him to create the classical scholarship he displayed in Bendō 弁道, Benmei 弁名, Rongo-chō 論語徴, etc. In this article, I shall, within the context of the history of Chinese studies in East Asia, present one possible solution to the question, how the study of ancient words and phrases as a method of interpreting texts in classical Chinese was re-applied by Sorai as a methodology for the study of the Classics, and how this enabled him to rejuvenate the study of these Classics.
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Notes
- 1.
Previous studies of this problem include Hiraishi Naoaki , “Senchū, sengo Sorai-ron hihan” (1987), Sawai Keiichi, “‘Hōhō’ to shite no kobunjigaku ” (1988), and Aihara Kōsaku, “Joji to kobunjigaku ” (2004). Hiraishi , Sawai, and Aihara did not make the extra step towards an analysis of the relation between the study of ancient philology (kobunjigaku ) as a methodology and Sorai’s theory of poetry and prose. In this article, I intend to advance the analysis into this direction.
- 2.
Ogyū Sorai , Benmei : “Preface,” Ogyū Sorai , NST vol. 36, p. 210, p. 41.
- 3.
See Rongo-chō : “Preface”; Keishishi yōran: “General Introduction”; Ogyū Sorai , NST vol. 36, Bendō , p. 200b, p. 12; cf. Tucker, Sorai’s Philosophical Masterworks, p. 139.
- 4.
Gakusoku 2, Ogyū Sorai , NST vol. 36, p. 256b, p. 191.
- 5.
This division into genres goes back to the ancient Chinese division of texts in the “Four Warehouses” (Siku 四庫), i.e. the Classics 経, Masters 子, Histories 史, and Collections 集. (WJB)
- 6.
See Wang Shizhen , Yiyuan zhiyan 芸苑巵言 1, p. 1111–1112.
- 7.
See Ho Mei-chen 侯美珍, “Ming-Qing shiren dui ‘pingdian’ de pipiao,” pp. 230–243.
- 8.
See Ho Mei-chen, “Ming-Qing bagu qushi yu jingshu piaodian de xingqi,” pp. 153–157.
- 9.
CHANG Su-ching 張素卿, “‘Piaodian’ de jieshi leixing,” pp. 124–125.
- 10.
CHANG Su-ching, “‘Piaodian’ de jieshi leixing,” pp. 94–98.
- 11.
Lin Ching-chang 林慶彰, Ming-dai jingxue yanjiu lunji, pp. 70–134.
- 12.
Ogyū Sorai , Sa Shi kaigyō in 左史会業引, Sorai-shū 18:5b-6a; p. 185.
- 13.
One of the Thirteen Classics. It is a kind of dictionary (3 fasc.; nineteen sections), dating from the end of the third or the beginning of the second century BC. The author is not known. (WJB)
- 14.
Dazai Shundai , Seigaku mondō , Sorai gakuha, NST 37, p. 131.
- 15.
Lan Hung Yueh, “Dazai Shundai to Sorai-gaku no sai-kōsei,” Shisō 1112 (2016).
- 16.
Takahashi Satoshi 高橋智, “Keichō-kan Rongo Shūkai no kenkyū,” Shidō Bunko ronshū 30 (1996), p. 112.
- 17.
Sueki Yasuhiko 末木恭彦, Sorai to Konron, pp. 159–162.
- 18.
Matsura Akira 松浦章, Edo-jidai Tōsen ni yoru Nit-Chū bunka kōryū, pp. 204–207.
- 19.
Fujitsuka Chikashi 藤塚鄰, Rongo sōsetsu, p. 295.
- 20.
Written by Kani Yōsai 蟹養斎 (1705–1778; KGS 1372) , and printed in 1765.
- 21.
Fujitsuka Chikashi, Rongo sōsetsu, p. 296.
- 22.
Fujitsuka Chikashi, Rongo sōsetsu, p. 313.
- 23.
Lu Wenchao 盧文弨, “Zhou Yi zhushu jizheng tici,” Guoxue jiben congshu vol. 7, p. 88.
- 24.
Ruan Yuan , “Ke Qijing Mengzi kaowen bing buyi xu,” Guoxue jiben congshu vol. 7, p. 37.
- 25.
Gu Yongxin 顧永新, “Qijing Mengzi kaowen buyi kaoshu,” Beijing Daxue xuebao: Zhexue Shehui Kexue ban 39, 1 (2002), pp. 84–91.
- 26.
Takahashi Satoshi, “Keichō-kan Rongo Shūkai no kenkyū,” p. 110.
- 27.
For Rongo giso and the critical philology of the Qing, see Daibō Masanobu 大坊真伸, “Nemoto Bui no Rongo giso honkoku ni mirareru kaihen ni tsuite,” Daitō Bunka Daigaku Kangakkaishi 46 (2006), and “Rongo giso to Shinchō Kōshōgaku: Shisho kōi 四書考異 o chūshin ni,” Jinbun kagaku 13 (2008).
- 28.
Kano Naoki 狩野直喜 , “Yamanoi Tei to Shichi-Kei Mōshi kōbun hoi ,” Shina-gaku bunsō (Kōbundō, 1928).
- 29.
Zhao Shaozu 趙紹祖, “Guwen Xiaojing Kong-shi zhuan,” Xueshu biji congkan vol. 7, p. 99.
- 30.
Ding Yan 丁宴, “Riben Guwen Xiaojing Kong-shi zhuan bian wei,” Xiaojing wenxian jicheng vol. 12, pp. 17–21.
- 31.
Lu Wenchao, “Xinke Guwen Xiaojing Kong-shi zhuan xu,” Guoxue jiben congshu vol. 2, pp. 21–23.
- 32.
Sun Zhizu 孫志祖, “Xiaojing Kong-shi zhuan,” Qing-dai xueshu biji congkan vol. 27, p. 173.
- 33.
Ji Yun 紀昀 et al., “Guwen Xiaojing Kong-shi zhuan tiyao,” Yingyin Wenyuange Siku Quanshu 5: Jing zongyi lei vol. 182, p. 2.
- 34.
Fujitsuka Chikashi, Rongo sōsetsu, pp. 291–361.
- 35.
Qian Yong , comp., Haiwai xinshu (Zheng Zhao鄭照, ed., 1836; copy in the possession of Keiō Gijuku Daigaku).
- 36.
Chiang Hsun-yi 蒋薫誼, “Lunyuzheng yu Jingjushuo de sixiang bijiao,” p. 3.
- 37.
Chiang Hsun-yi, “Lunyuzheng yu Jingjushuo de sixiang bijiao,” p. 6.
- 38.
These are 「居蔡山節藻梲」 (Jingjushuo 24; Lunyu 5.18) and 「如用之、則吾従先進」 (Jingjushuo 25; Lunyu 11.1).
- 39.
See 「而不與焉」 (Jingjushuo 18; Lunyu 8.18).
- 40.
Huang Zunxian , “Xueshuzhi” 学術志 1, Riben guozhi 32, Huang Zunxian quanshu vol. 2, p. 1403.
- 41.
Bankoku shiki (5 vols) was written Okamoto Kansuke 岡本監輔 (1839–1904) and published in 1879. (WJB)
- 42.
Tang Caichang , “Geguo zhengjiao gongli zonglun,” Tang Caichang ji 1, p. 24.
- 43.
Tang Caichang , “Riben Kuanyong yilai daishishu,” Tang Caichang ji, p. 214.
- 44.
Yu Yue , “Ji Ribenguo renyu,” Xueshu biji congkan vol. 9, pp. 227–228.
- 45.
Zhang Taiyan , Taiyan wenlu chupian, Zhang Taiyan quanji vol. 4, App., fasc. 2, p. 321.
- 46.
Kondō Mitsuo 近藤光男, Shin-chō kōshōgaku no kenkyū; Yoshida Jun 吉田純, Shin-chō kōshōgaku no gunzō; Kinoshita Tetsuya 木下鉄矢, Shin-dai gakujutsu to gengogaku: Ko’ongaku no shisō to keifu.
- 47.
For Dai Zhen’s works, see Dai Zhen quanshu 戴震全書. His works about arithmetic are Cesuan 策算, Suanxue chugao sizhong 算学初稿四種, Jiuzhang suanshu dinge butu 九章算術訂訛補図, and Wujing suanshu kaozheng 五経算術考証.
- 48.
Dai Zhen’s works in these fields are Yuan xiang 原象, Xu tianwenlüe 続天文略, Shuidiji chugao 水地記初稿, and Shuijing kaoci 水経考次.
- 49.
In his second reply to Suishindō 復水神童第二書, Sorai says of calendar-making and mathematics that “he has not yet studied them,” but he does make some critical remarks about contemporary mathematics (Sorai-shū 24:16a-17b; pp. 260–261). N.B. Suishindō is Mizuashi Hakusen 水足博泉 (1707–1732; KGS 4269).
- 50.
Ogyū Sorai , Ken’en zuihitsu , p. 152; the second reply to Suishindō, etc.
- 51.
Kawahara Hideki 川原秀城, “Tai Shin to seiyō sangaku,” Seigaku tōzen to Higashi Ajia, p. 218.
- 52.
Kawahara Hideki, “Seiō gakujutsu no tōzen to Chūgoku, Chōsen, Nihon,” Seigaku tōzen, p. 83–101.
- 53.
Ogyū Sorai , Ingai, Ogyū Sorai zenshū vol. 2, p. 669.
- 54.
See Ogyū Sorai , Ingai, Ogyū Sorai zenshū vol. 2, p. 673.
- 55.
Ogyū Sorai , Ingai, p. 675, and the appendices “Go-in shichi-in sōtsū zu” 五音七音相通図 and “Jibo Wa-doku Kan-Go seidaku zu ” 字母和読漢呉清濁図.
- 56.
A traditional Chinese way of indicating the pronunciation of characters, by giving two other characters, the first of which has the same initial phoneme as the character that is to be explained, and the second, the same middle and final phonemes as the character to be explained; this second character also indicates the tone.
- 57.
Dazai Shundai , “Makō kōkyō jo 磨光光鏡序” (Shundai-sensei Shishien kō 5:14b-16b; p. 147–148): “He who wishes to bring order to the rhyme mirrors, first must study the Chinese sounds. When one has studied the Chinese sounds and practised them, only then one can clearly understand the four tones and distinguish the seven sounds. Inside and outside open up and come together, and one can distinguish all of the hundred different pronunciations.” (5:16a)
- 58.
Of Sorai’s references to, and presentations of Chinese sounds, it has been said that “Put in an extreme way, he was aiming at an effect of abstruse learning.” (Yuzawa Tadayuki 湯沢質幸, “Kinsei jugaku ni okeru Tō-on,” Kokugo ronkyū vol. 8, p. 368.
- 59.
Dazai Shundai , Kōkyō (printed Kyōhō 17 / 1732; copy in the possession of Naikaku Bunko), p. 1a.
- 60.
Yuzawa Tadayuki, “Bun’yū ni okeru Inkyō to Tō-on,” Tsukuba Gakuin Daigaku kiyō 5 (2010); id., Edo-ki Kanji-on kenkyū ni okeru Tō-on juyō, pp. 141–162.
- 61.
Yuzawa Tadayuki, Edo-ki Kanji’on kenkyū ni okeru Tō-on juyō, pp. 247–265; Tei Kankō 釘貫亨, “Nihongogakushi ni okeru ‘on’in’ no mondai,” pp. 222–225. N.B. This chart, the Gojūon-zu 五十音図, gives the syllabic signs (two sets of them, hiragana and katakana, which are completely parallel) that are used for writing Japanese, in an order that was inspired by the syllabic system of Sanskrit. Though known as the “chart of fifty sounds,” the actual number is, or rather, was forty-eight. (WJB)
- 62.
The Xiangshu xue 象数学 was one of the two approaches to the study of the Yijing that had articulated themselves by the late Tang . It was “visually interpretive – concentrated on cosmology – and focused on using the malleable iconography of the Yijing to explicate the inanimate workings of nature.” The Xiangshu xue must be contrasted with the Yili xue 義理学 (“meaning-principle learning”) , which “was derived from a literal interpretation of the Yijing text and exhibited a moralistic understanding of it in its application to the world.” (Wyatt, The Recluse of Loyang, p. 4. Wyatt in turn refers to Smith, “Sung Literati Thought and the I Ching,” pp. 217–218.) (WJB)
- 63.
The Chinese term is dengyun 等韻. It is a schematic arrangement of the thirty-six initial consonants 字母 combined with the (rhyming) vowels 字音 in four categories, called deng. (WJB)
- 64.
Kinoshita Tetsuya 木下鉄矢, Shin-dai gakujutsu to gengogaku, chapters 4 and 5.
- 65.
Yuzawa Tadayuki, “Kinsei ingaku ni okeru Go’on Kan’on no bunrui to inkyō.”
- 66.
Satō Shōsuke 佐藤昌介, Yōgakushi kenkyū josetsu Ch. 2; Sugimoto Tsutomu 杉本つとむ, “Sorai to sono gengo kenkyū.”
- 67.
Ha Ubong 河宇鳳, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, pp. 83–86, 153–156.
- 68.
For the presumable year of writing, I follow the reconstruction in Ha Ubong, Chōsen Ōchō jidai no sekaikan to Nihon ninshiki, p. 220.
- 69.
Ha Ubong, Chōsen Ōchō jidai no sekaikan to Nihon ninshiki, p. 221.
- 70.
Lan Hung Yueh, “Sorai-gakuha bunshi to Chōsen Tsūshinshi.”
- 71.
Wŏn Chunggŏ , Hwagukchi , p. 325.
- 72.
Wŏn Chunggŏ , Hwagukchi , p. 326, 362, 361.
- 73.
Yi Tŏngmu , Ch’ŏngnyŏng kukchi , Ch’ŏngjanggwan chŏnsŏ 青荘館全書, p. 161, 162.
- 74.
Chŏng Yagyong , Ilbonnon 1, Yŏyutang chŏnjip vol. 12, p. 332.
- 75.
Sorai’s opinions are quoted fifty times, and Shundai’s , 148 times; see Ha Ubong, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, p. 273.
- 76.
Ha Ubong, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, p. 275.
- 77.
Ha Ubong, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, p. 276、277.
- 78.
Ha Ubong, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, pp. 278–291.
- 79.
This theory, called 性三品説, holds that there are three types of human nature: smart, ordinary, and dumb 上知, 中人, 下愚. Supposedly, it goes back all the way to Confucius ; see Mor. IV: 10478-47-8 for a short discussion and references. (WJB)
- 80.
Ha Ubong, Chōsen Jitsugakusha no mita Kinsei Nihon, pp. 291–302. The reference is to Lunyu 17.2–3: “The Master said: ‘By nature, men are nearly alike; by practice, they get to be wide apart.’” And: “The Master said: ‘There are only the wise of the highest class, and the stupid of the lowest class, who cannot be changed.’” (WJB)
- 81.
Chang Kun-Chiang 張崑將, “Ding Ruoyong yu Taizai Chuntai dui Lunyu de jieshi bijiao,’ Dongya shiyuzhong de Chashan-xue, pp. 43–94.
- 82.
Tsai Chen-feng 蔡振豊, “Ding Ruoyong de Sishu xue,” Dongya shiyuzhong de Chashan-xue, pp. 156–163.
- 83.
Tsai Chen-feng, “Ting Ruoyong de Sishu xue,” Dongya shiyuzhong de Chashan-xue, pp. 163–176.
- 84.
Ri Kigen 李基原, Sorai-gaku to Chōsen jugaku, pp. 243–246. The quotation is from Chŏng’s Non’ŏ kogŭm chu , the commentary to Lunyu 2.
- 85.
Ri Kigen, Sorai-gaku to Chōsen jugaku, pp., 246–267.
- 86.
Chŏng Yagyong , Mae-ssi sŏp’yŏng, Yŏyutang chŏnjip vol. 13, p. 61.
- 87.
Sŏng Haeŭng , “Chae Ilbon-dok hu,” Yŏngyŏngjae chŏnjip vol. 21, p. 2; id., “Waebon Hwang Kan Non’ŏ ŭiso hu,” Yŏngyŏngjae chŏnjip, p. 433.
- 88.
Fujitsuka Chikashi, Shin-chō bunka tōden no kenkyū, pp. 107–108.
- 89.
Kim Maesun , T’aisan-jip fasc. 3, Hanguk Yŏkdae Munjip Ch’onggan vol. 17, p. 250, 251.
- 90.
Mei Zengliang , “T’aisan-shi lun Riben xunzhuanshu hou. Gengzi,” Baijianshanfang shiwenji vol. 6, p. 128, 129.
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Lan, H.Y. (2019). “Sorai’s Teachings in East-Asia: The Formation of His Methodology of Studying the Classics and the Reception of His Works on the Classics”. In: BOOT, W., TAKAYAMA, D. (eds) Tetsugaku Companion to Ogyu Sorai. Tetsugaku Companions to Japanese Philosophy, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15475-2_15
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