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British and American News Maps in the Early Cold War Period, 1945–1955 pp 13–44Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Trends in British and American News Maps by the End of World War II

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Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

Abstract

This chapter establishes the condition of the British and American news presses by the end of World War II with specific attention to how they differed in their cartographic portrayals of the world. Published wartime news maps and atlas maps are contextualized, with academic sources describing and interpreting the history, political leanings, and methodology of both nations’ presses, identifying and analyzing the distinctive cartographic styles of individual journals. The abundance of wartime printing materials in the United States and the scarcity of similar resources in contemporary England resulted in a more colorful and voluminous American cartographic tradition by 1945. Moreover, a traditional British cultural preference for text over imagery also kept British wartime cartography comparatively bland.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Louis Heren’s essay “The Postwar Press in Britain” in the introduction of Dennis Griffith’s (ed) The Encyclopedia of the British Press, 1422–1992 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 60.

  2. 2.

    F.S. Northedge and Audrey Wells, Britain and Soviet Communism: Impact of a Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1982), 105.

  3. 3.

    G.D.N. Worswik and P.H. Ady, The British Economy, 1945–1950 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1952), 65.

  4. 4.

    Heren, 57, and see Aled Jones’ essay “The British Press, 1919–1945,” 53; both in Griffith.

  5. 5.

    James Shand, “English Printing—I” in Time and Tide, v.28, n.30 (August 9, 1947): 858.

  6. 6.

    Heren, 57.

  7. 7.

    Ibid.

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    Ibid.

  10. 10.

    Jones, 55.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., 53.

  12. 12.

    Shand, 858.

  13. 13.

    Mark Monmonier, “The Rise of Map Use by Elite Newspapers in England, Canada, and the United States,” in Imago Mundi, v. 38 (1986): 56.

  14. 14.

    James Shand, “English Printing – III” in Time and Tide, v. 28, n. 32 (August 23, 1947): 906.

  15. 15.

    Ibid.

  16. 16.

    Mark Monmonier, Maps with the News: The Development of American Journalistic Cartography (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), xiii.

  17. 17.

    Shand, brackets added, 906.

  18. 18.

    Ibid., brackets added.

  19. 19.

    Shand, 906. Shand’s article noted that “the two principle large circulation illustrated weeklies in this country are both printed indifferently by rotary photogravure, one on presses imported from prewar Germany and the other by a licensed process from America.”

  20. 20.

    Ibid.

  21. 21.

    Denis Wood, The Power of Maps (New York and London: The Guilford Press, 1992), 39–40.

  22. 22.

    Heren, 56.

  23. 23.

    Gilbert C. Fite and Jim E. Reese, An Economic History of the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1973), 555.

  24. 24.

    Ibid., 551.

  25. 25.

    Ibid., 550.

  26. 26.

    Ibid., 554–555.

  27. 27.

    All US circulation stats were taken from the respective year volumes of N.W. Ayer and Son’s Directory of Periodicals annual series printed in Philadelphia.

  28. 28.

    William Ewert Berry Camrose (First Viscount). British Newspapers and Their Controllers (London: Cassell Press, 1950), and British Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), v.8. Camrose’s circulation summaries are assumed to be six-month totals since his stats correspond to six-month totals from corresponding Audit Bureau of Circulation records.

  29. 29.

    Ibid., 145–146.

  30. 30.

    Camrose, 147 and ABC, v.8.

  31. 31.

    Camrose, 148 and ABC, v.8.

  32. 32.

    Bernard C. Cohen, The Press and Foreign Policy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963), 108.

  33. 33.

    Louis Liebovich, The Press and the Origins of the Cold War, 1944–1947 (New York: Praeger, 1988), 4.

  34. 34.

    Matthew Fox, Religion USA: Religion and Culture by way of Time Magazine (Dubuque, IA: Listening Press, 1971), 15–17.

  35. 35.

    Monmonier, 63.

  36. 36.

    See David Butler and Gareth Butler’s British Political Facts, 1900–1985 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986), 498–499; and Camrose, 145–152.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Monmonier, 62–63.

  39. 39.

    Heren, 57.

  40. 40.

    Ibid.

  41. 41.

    Susan Schulten, “Richard Edes Harrison and the Challenge to American Cartography,” in Imago Mundi, v. 50 (1998): 174.

  42. 42.

    Ibid.

  43. 43.

    Walter Ristow, “Journalistic Cartography” in Surveying and Mapping, v.17 n.4 (October 1957): 369.

  44. 44.

    Author’s interview with Paul Pugliese, August, 2007.

  45. 45.

    Pugliese interview.

  46. 46.

    Pugliese, for example, did contract atlas work for the State of Arizona and Harcourt Brace and World. He noted that his boss at Time , Robert Chapin, Jr., contracted with the US Army and many corporations. Richard Edes Harrison, noted mapmaker from Fortune , did contract work for the US Army during World War II, and he made numerous private atlases and maps. See Schulten, 174–187.

  47. 47.

    Whenever possible, map examples from World War II and early Cold War news journals will be used even though better quality examples are available in scholarly publications. This is done to illustrate the prevalence of maps in news publications.

  48. 48.

    John Noble Wilford, The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography – from Antiquity to the Space Age (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), 87–90. The map in Fig. 2.3 was taken from (no author) “History Makes New Maps” in Life, v.13, n.5 (Aug. 03, 1942): 61.

  49. 49.

    Quoted from Shulten, 175. See also Wilford, 90.

  50. 50.

    See Alan K. Henrikson’s essay entitled “Mental Maps” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 186.

  51. 51.

    Ross Hoffman, “Europe and the Atlantic Community” in Thought, v.20 (1945): 25.

  52. 52.

    See U.S. News and World Report v.11 n.17 (Oct. 24, 1941): 12–13 and Life v.14 n.13 (Mar. 29, 1943): 13.

  53. 53.

    J.B. Harley, The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press, 2001), 66.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., 73.

  55. 55.

    See map entitled “Asia” in Spectator, v.163, n.5801 (Sept. 9, 1939): 340.

  56. 56.

    Patricia Gilmartin, “The Design of Journalistic Maps/Purposes, Parameters and Prospects” in Cartographica, v. 22, n.4 (1985): 1–3.

  57. 57.

    Ibid., 2.

  58. 58.

    See Economist ad in Serial Map Service, v.3, n.2 (November 1941): 135.

  59. 59.

    See “The Monthly Record,” the proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, in The Geographic Journal, v.90, n.4 (April, 1940): 324.

  60. 60.

    See ad for Horrabin’s Atlas History of the Second Great War, Vol. II in Spectator, v.165, n.5858 (Oct. 10, 1940): 343.

  61. 61.

    See ad for George Philip and Son, Ltd. in New Statesman and Nation, v.29, n.745 (Jun. 6, 1945): 360.

  62. 62.

    See ad for Daily Telegraph’s War Map No. 5 in Spectator, v.165, n.5 (Aug. 16, 1940): 173.

  63. 63.

    See map entitled “British Trade Routes” in Serial Map Service, v.1 n.2 (October 1939): map 5–6.

  64. 64.

    See map entitled “Three Worlds” in Newsweek, v.27 n.5 (Feb. 4, 1946): 35.

  65. 65.

    C.J. Bartlett, British Foreign Policy in the 20th Century (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989), 68.

  66. 66.

    Robert M. Hathaway, Great Britain and the United States: Special Relations Since WWII (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1990), 12–13.

  67. 67.

    Ibid.

  68. 68.

    Zbigniew Brzezinski, Game Plan: A Geostrategic Framework for the Conduct of the U.S.-Soviet Contest (Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), 6.

  69. 69.

    The “Global View from Moscow” map was taken from Brzezinski, 7. The BOAC map was taken from Serial Map Service, v.7 n.6 (Mar. 6, 1946): 63–64.

  70. 70.

    See Spectator, v.163 n.5796 (Jul. 28, 1939): 164; v.163 n.5799 (Aug. 18, 1939): iii; v.163 n.5800 (Aug. 25, 1939): 284; v.163 n.5801 (Sept. 1, 1939): 323.

  71. 71.

    Ristow, 72.

  72. 72.

    Spectator maps: v.163 n.5806 (Oct. 6, 1939): 463; v.163 n.5807 (Oct. 13, 1939): 495. Time and Tide maps: v.26 n.9 (Mar. 3, 1945): 180; v.26 n.10 (Mar. 10, 1945): 200.

  73. 73.

    Gilmartin, 1–3.

  74. 74.

    Judith A. Tyner, “Persuasive Cartography” in Journal of Cartography, vol. 81 (1982): 140–144.

  75. 75.

    Ibid.

  76. 76.

    See Newsweek, v.24 n.3 (Jul. 17, 1944): 19, and Time, v.44 n.4 (Jul. 24, 1944): 23.

  77. 77.

    See Spectator, v.162 n.5781 (Apr. 14, 1939): 623.

  78. 78.

    See Time and Tide, v.26 n.48 (Dec. 1, 1945): 1006.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    See ad for “Daily Telegraph War Map No.5” in Spectator, v.166 n.5894 (Jun. 13, 1941): 635.

  81. 81.

    See Spectator, v.167 n.5907 (Sept. 12, 1941): 253.

  82. 82.

    See Spectator, v.163 n.5801 (Sept. 1, 1939): 340.

  83. 83.

    Harley, 185–187.

  84. 84.

    Reprinted from Susan Danforth’s exhibit catalog: Encountering the New World (Providence, RI: The John Carter Brown Library, 1991), 40.

  85. 85.

    Serial Map Service, v.2 n.2 (October, 1941): map 105.

  86. 86.

    See ad for Canadian Pacific Lines in Spectator, v.162, n.5 (Apr. 14, 1939): 78.

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    Jeffrey P. Stone

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Stone, J.P. (2019). Trends in British and American News Maps by the End of World War II. In: British and American News Maps in the Early Cold War Period, 1945–1955. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15468-4_2

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