Abstract
This chapter discusses the experience and expression of dependency, attachment, trust, and honesty in love. In positive ways, these experiences create the feelings of security and comfort, yet, in case of violation of expectations makes people suffering. One topic, which is not covered in this chapter, is the experience of tolerance and acceptance. Although it seems the key for endurance of love relationship, yet cross-cultural studies have not investigated this topic so far.
The chapter reviews the variety of experiences and expressions of dependency, attachment, trust, and honesty in love, the methods and measures, which researchers employed to study those, and the results that they obtained in their studies. This chapter describes in detail (1) the research designs, (2) methods, (3) instruments and measures, (4) samples (including their location, sample size, and other details), and (5) the data and results of studies (including descriptive statistics, such as means and size of correlations).
The details of descriptive statistics help readers understand what the differences in the means for cultural samples are, what is the size of correlations, and other statistics. These details allow readers to make independent judgments about reliability and validity of results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bartholomew, K. (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147–178.
Belsky, J. (1997). Attachment, mating, and parenting: An evolutionary interpretation. Human Nature, 8, 361–381.
Belsky, J. (1999). Modern evolutionary theory and patterns of attachment. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 141–161). New York, NY: Guilford.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bowlby, J. (1979). The making and breaking of affectional bonds. London, UK: Tavistock.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 46–76). New York, NY: Guilford.
Buss, D. M. (1994). The evolution of desire. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Buss, D. M., & Schmitt, D. P. (1993). Sexual strategies theory: An evolutionary perspective on human mating. Psychological Review, 100, 204–232.
Castaneda, D. M. (1993). The meaning of romantic love among Mexican-Americans. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 8(2), 257.
Chisholm, J. S. (1996). The evolutionary ecology of attachment organization. Human Nature, 7, 1–38.
Chisholm, J. S. (1999). Steps to an evolutionary ecology of the mind. In A. L. Hinton (Ed.), Biocultural approaches to the emotions (pp. 117–149). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Coontz, S. (2005). Marriage: A history. New York, NY: Viking.
Dion, K. L., & Dion, K. K. (1988). Romantic love: Individual and cultural perspectives. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 264–289). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Doherty, R. W., Hatfield, E., Thompson, K., & Choo, P. (1994). Cultural and ethnic influences on love and attachment. Personal Relationships, 1, 391–398.
Doi, T. (1973/1988). The anatomy of dependence. Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha International . (Originally published in 1973).
Driscoll, R., Davis, K. E., & Lipetz, M. E. (1972). Parental interference and romantic love: The Romeo and Juliet effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(1), 1–10.
Griffin, D., & Bartholomew, K. (1994). Models of self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 430–445.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (1993). Love, sex, and intimacy: Their psychology, biology, and history. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2005). Love and sex: Cross-cultural perspectives (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Hatfield, E., & Rapson, R. L. (2010). Culture, attachment style, and romantic relationships. In P. Erdman & K.-M. Ng (Eds.), Attachment: Expanding the cultural connections (pp. 227–242). London, UK: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511–524.
Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1989). Research on love: Does it measure up? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 784–794.
Holmes, J. G., & Rempel, J. K. (1989). Trust in close relationships. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Close relationships (pp. 187–220). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Kirkpatrick, L. A. (1998). Evolution, pair-bonding, and reproductive strategies: A reconceptualization of adult attachment. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp. 353–393). New York, NY: Guilford.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Davis, K. E. (1994). Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 502–512.
Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Hazan, C. (1994). Attachment styles and close relationships: A four year prospective study. Personal Relationships, 1, 123–142.
Low, B. S. (1989). Cross-cultural patterns in the training of children: An evolutionary perspective. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 103, 311–319.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
Munroe, R. L., & Munroe, R. H. (1997). A comparative anthropological perspective. In J. W. Berry, Y. H. Poortinga, & J. Pandey (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 1, 2nd ed., pp. 171–213). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 95–112.
Schmitt, D. P. (2008). Attachment matters: Patterns of romantic attachment across gender, geography, and cultural forms. In J. P. Forgas & J. Fitness (Eds.), Social relationships: Cognitive, affective, and motivational processes (pp. 75–100). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., et al. (2003). Are men universally more dismissing than women? Gender differences in romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions. Personal Relationships, 10, 307–333.
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allensworth, M., et al. (2004). Patterns and universals of adult romantic attachment across 62 cultural regions: Are models of self and of other pancultural constructs. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35, 367–402.
Schmitt, D. P., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Ault, L., Austers, I., Bennett, K. L., et al. (2003). Universal sex differences in the desire for sexual variety: Tests from 52 nations, 6 continents, and 13 islands. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 85–104.
Shaver, P. R., & Hazan, C. (1993). Adult romantic attachment: Theory and evidence. In D. Perlman & W. Jones (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships (Vol. 4, pp. 29–70). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Shaver, P., Hazan, C., & Bradshaw, D. (1988). Love as attachment: The integration of three behavioral systems. In R. J. Sternberg & M. L. Barnes (Eds.), The psychology of love (pp. 68–99). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shaver, P. R., Morgan, H. J., & Wu, S. (1996). Is love a “basic” emotion? Personal Relationships, 3, 81–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00105.x
Sprecher, S., Aron, A., Hatfield, E., Cortese, A., Potapova, E., & Levitskaya, A. (1994). Love: American style, Russian style, and Japanese style. Personal Relationships, 1, 349–369.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karandashev, V. (2019). Love as Dependency, Attachment, Trust, and Honesty. In: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on the Experience and Expression of Love . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15020-4_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15020-4_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-15019-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-15020-4
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)