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Atomic Force Microscopy of Viruses

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Physical Virology

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1215))

Abstract

Atomic force microscopy employs a nanometric tip located at the end of a micro-cantilever to probe surface-mounted samples at nanometer resolution. Because the technique can also work in a liquid environment it offers unique possibilities to study individual viruses under conditions that mimic their natural milieu. Here, we review how AFM imaging can be used to study the surface structure of viruses including that of viruses lacking a well-defined symmetry. Beyond imaging, AFM enables the manipulation of single viruses by force spectroscopy experiments. Pulling experiments can provide information about the early events of virus–host interaction between the viral fibers and the cell membrane receptors. Pushing experiments measure the mechanical response of the viral capsid and its contents and can be used to show how virus maturation and exposure to different pH values change the mechanical response of the viruses and the interaction between the capsid and genome. Finally, we discuss how studying capsid rupture and self-healing events offers insight in virus uncoating pathways.

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Abbreviations

AFM:

Atomic Force Microscopy

Fl:

Lateral Force

Fn:

Normal Force

FZ:

Force vs. Distance

HAdV:

human Adenovirus

HIV:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HOPG:

Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

JM:

Jumping Mode

nN:

nanoNewton

pN:

picoNewton

TIRFM:

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

TMV:

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge our students, former students, collaborators, and projects FIS2014-59562-R, FIS2015-71108-REDT, FIS2017-89549-R. Fundación BBVA and “María de Maeztu” Program for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0377).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    P. J. de Pablo

  2. SmarAct GmbH, Oldenburg, Germany

    I. A. T. Schaap

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  1. P. J. de Pablo
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Correspondence to P. J. de Pablo .

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  1. Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

    Urs F. Greber

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de Pablo, P.J., Schaap, I.A.T. (2019). Atomic Force Microscopy of Viruses. In: Greber, U. (eds) Physical Virology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1215. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_8

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