Skip to main content

Nationalism After the Opening of the Border

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus

Abstract

This chapter shows the impact of both the opening of the borders and the accession of Cyprus to the EU on the Greek Cypriot (GC) idea of national struggle. The ideas of fighting for liberation from ‘occupation’ and the ‘fighting spirit’ are investigated in the changing struggle. The gender significance of the ‘victimized mother’ in the contemporary conflict is exemplified. After the opening of the borders, the ‘mothers of the missing persons’ continue to symbolize post-1974 Cyprus as a feminized victim of ‘occupation’. The failed opportunity to bring the two communities together through the open border and the broad GC resistance to crossing the border are conditioned by the ‘victimized’ discourse of ‘occupation’.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, B. (2006) [1983]. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (2nd ed.). London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthias, F. (1989). Women and nationalism in Cyprus. In N. Yuval-Davis & F. Anthias (Eds.), Woman-nation-state (pp. 150–167). Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Boedeltje, H. F., & Houtum, O. T. (2007). The shadows of no man’s land: Crossing the border in the divided capital of Nicosia, Cyprus. Geographica Helvetica, 62(1), 16–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordignon, M. (2008). The Cypriot issue in the current European geopolitical order: Towards a final resolution? Transition Studies Review, 15(2), 417–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. (2002). The purity of spirit and the power of blood: A comparative perspective on nation, gender and kinship in Cyprus. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 8(3), 509–530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. (2004). Imagining the modern: The cultures of nationalism in Cyprus. London: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant, R. (2005). A dangerous trend in Cyprus. Middle East Report, 35(235) [online]. Available at http://www.merip.org/mer/mer235/dangerous-trend-cyprus. Accessed 28 April 2014.

  • Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: The discursive limits of ‘sex’. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calhoun, C. (1997). Nationalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, A. (2005). Crossing the Green Line: Anti-settler sentiment in Cyprus. Macalester International Journal, 15, 154–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christou, M. (2006). A double imagination: Memory and education in Cyprus. Journal of Modern Greek Studies, 24(2), 285–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, A. P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. Chichester, UK: Ellis Horwood.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Constantinou, C. M. (2008). On the Cypriot states of exception. International Political Sociology, 2(2), 145–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cyprus Parliament. (2008). Η ύπαρξη και λειτουργία καζίνων στα κατεχόμενα, η συμμετοχή Ελληνοκυπρίων στις δραστηριότητές τους και η ανάγκη θεσμικής προστασίας της κυπριακής κοινωνίας μέσω της λειτουργίας και εισαγωγής θεσμών για το σκοπό αυτό [online]. Nicosia: Parliamentary Committee on Institutions, Merit and the Commissioner for Administration. Available at http://www2.parliament.cy/parliamentgr/008_05d/008_05_3013.htm. Accessed 16 February 2019.

  • Cyprus Police. (2012). ΑΣΤΥΝΟΜΙΑ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ Ετήσια Έκθεση 2011 [online]. Nicosia. Available at http://www.police.gov.cy/police/police.nsf/All/8CEA7777C07DF57FC2257A4F0036AADB?OpenDocument. Accessed 16 February 2019.

  • Demetriou, O. (2005). EU and the Cyprus conflict: Perceptions of the border and Europe in the Cyprus conflict. EU Border Conflicts Working Papers Series (Paper No. 18). The University of Birmingham.

    Google Scholar 

  • Demetriou, O. (2007). To cross or not to cross? Subjectivization and the absent state in Cyprus. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 13(4), 987–1006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dikomitis, L. (2004). A moving field: Greek Cypriot refugees returning ‘home’. Durham Anthropology Journal, 12(1), 7–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. (2005). Three readings of a border: Greek Cypriots crossing the Green Line in Cyprus. Anthropology Today, 21(5), 7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durrell, L. (2012). Bitter lemons of Cyprus. New York: Faber and Faber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enloe, C. (2000). Maneuvers: The international politics of militarizing women’s lives. Berkeley and London: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enloe, C. (2004). The curious feminist: Searching for women in the new age of empire. Berkeley and London: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1984). What is Enlightenment? In P. Rabinow (Ed.), The Foucault reader (pp. 32–50). New York: Pantheon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Georgakopoulos, T. (1999). Cyprus a full member of the European Union: An overview. Economia, 3, 77–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1990). The consequences of modernity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gokcekus, O., Henson, J., Nottebaum, D., & Wanis-St John, A. (2012). Impediments to trade across the Green Line in Cyprus. Journal of Peace Research, 49(6), 863–872.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjipavlou, M. (2006). No permission to cross: Cypriot women’s dialogue across the divide. Gender Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 13(4), 329–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjipavlou, M. (2007). Multiple stories: The ‘crossings’ as part of citizens’ reconciliation efforts in Cyprus? Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 20(1), 53–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjipavlou, M., & Kanol, B. (2008). The impact of peace building work on the Cyprus. Boston, MA: Collaborative Learning Projects (CDA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1977). Culture, the media, and the “ideological effect”. In J. Curran, M. Gurevitch, & J. Woollacott (Eds.), Mass communication and society. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, S. (1996). Introduction: Who needs “identity”? In S. Hall & P. du Gay (Eds.), Question of cultural identity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haraway, D. (1991). Simians, cyborgs, and women. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatay, M., Mullen, F., & Kalimeri, J. (2008). Intra-island trade in Cyprus: Obstacles, opposition and psychological barriers. PRIO Paper 2. Oslo: International Peace Research Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazou, E. (2005). Money pouring into the North. Cyprus Mail [online]. Available at http://cyprus-mail.com/author/hazou/. Accessed 18 January 2014.

  • Jørgensen, M., & Phillips, L. (2002). Laclau and mouffe’s discourse theory. In Discourse analysis as theory and method. London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J. (1997). Cyprus: Ethnic conflict and international politics: From independence to the threshold of the European Union. London and New York: Macmillan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammas, M. (1992). Smallness, economic development and Cyprus. The Cyprus Review, 4, 65–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiziltan, M. U., Bain, W. J., & Canizares, M. A. (1990). Postmodern conditions: Rethinking public education. Educational Theory, 40(3), 351–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Laclau, E., & Mouffe, C. (2001). Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics (2nd ed.). London: Verso.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lordos, A., Kaymak, E., & Tocci, N. (2009). A people’s peace in Cyprus: Testing public opinion on the options for a comprehensive settlement. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martell, L. (2010). Sociology of globalization. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massad, J. (1995). Conceiving the masculine: Gender and Palestinian nationalism. The Middle East Journal, 49(3), 467–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mavratsas, C. V. (1996). The ideological contest between Greek-Cypriot nationalism and Cypriotism, 1974–1995: Politics, social memory and identity. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20(4), 717–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palley, C. (2006). An international relations debacle: The UN secretary-general’s mission of Good Offices in Cyprus: 1999–2004. Oxford: Hart Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahin, S. (2011). Open borders, closed minds: The discursive construction of national identity in North Cyprus. Media, Culture & Society, 33(4), 583–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sigma Live. (2016). Nikos Dimou, the man behind the “not forget” [online]. YouTube. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=noJ37zK8QdU. Accessed 18 February 2019.

  • Sitas, A., Latif, D., & Loizou, N. (2007). Prospects of reconciliation, coexistence and forgiveness in Cyprus. A Research Report (PRIO Report 4/2007). Oslo: International Peace Research Institute (PRIO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Spilling, M., & Spilling, J. (2010). Cultures of the world: Cyprus. New York: Benchmark Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terdiman, R. (1989). Discourse/counter-discourse: The theory and practice of symbolic resistance in nineteenth-century France. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vassiliou, G. (2004). EU entry: Catalyst for a Cyprus solution [online]. Global Dialogue, 5(3–4). http://www.worlddialogue.org/content.php?id=262. Accessed 6 March 2014.

  • Webster, C., & Timothy, D. J. (2006). Travelling to the “other side”: The ‘occupied’ zone and ‘Greek Cypriot’ views of crossing the Green Line. Tourism Geographies, 8(2), 162–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, C., Musyck, B., & Orphanides, S. (2009). Working on the other side. Cooperative tour organizers and uncooperative hoteliers: Evidence from ‘Greek Cypriot’ tourism professionals. European Planning Studies, 17(10), 1485–1508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakinthou, C. (2008). The quiet deflation of Den Xehno? Changes in the ‘Greek Cypriot’ communal narrative on the missing persons in Cyprus’. The Cyprus Review, 20, 15–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yakinthou, C. (2009). The EU’s role in the Cyprus conflict: System failure or structural metamorphosis? Ethnopolitics, 8(3–4), 307–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yorucu, V., Mehmet, O., Alpar, R., & Ulucay, P. (2010). Cross-border trade liberalization: The case of Lokmaci/Ledra gate in divided Nicosia, Cyprus. European Planning Studies, 18(10), 1749–1764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yuval-Davis, N., & Anthias, F. (1998). Woman-nation-state. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Efthymiou, S.A. (2019). Nationalism After the Opening of the Border. In: Nationalism, Militarism and Masculinity in Post-Conflict Cyprus. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14702-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14702-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14701-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14702-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics