Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies

Part of the book series: Springer Geography ((SPRINGERGEOGR))

  • 374 Accesses

Abstract

A first step to understanding the European dimension of metropolitan policies is to review selected contributions to the scholarly debate on metropolitan regions as well as research on the role of subnational entities in EU policymaking. Thereby, this chapter brings together two streams of academic reasoning that, with few exceptions, developed fairly separately. By reviewing the central definitions and approaches of these two fields of research, this chapter fulfils two functions. First, the chapter explicates the influence of previous academic accounts of the research object and contributes to the positioning of the envisaged study in scholarly debates. Second, the chapter develops preliminary definitions and thereby grounds the central concepts for the subsequent analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This can be interpreted as part of the quantitative revolution as illustrated by Burton (1963).

  2. 2.

    See for instance Bege (2010, pp. 64ff) Chap. 3 for a discussion of the two approaches with an assessment of the relevance of central place theory in German metropolitan regions.

  3. 3.

    Concerning the contentious ‘neo-liberal plot’ of city-regional policies and developments see Jonas and Ward (2007), Harding (2007).

  4. 4.

    See Berry (1962) for an early US-American contribution on city-size distribution, and see Heineberg (2014, pp. 80ff) for an overview on “Stadtgrößen-Rangfolgen” in German geography.

  5. 5.

    While the concept of inter-municipal partnerships can be helpful for analysing the political dimension of metropolitan regions, it is generally defined more broadly, including cooperation between entities outside metropolitan regions. In a similar vein, the concept of urban-rural partnerships overlaps with selected understandings of metropolitan regions, especially when the metropolitan concept is stretched in order to be more inclusive.

  6. 6.

    Cf. Varro and Lagendijk (2013) for an overview of current disputes between ‘radical’ and ‘moderate’ propagators of relationalism in studying regions and clarification of their philosophical origins.

  7. 7.

    Other comparative studies mainly focus on metropolitan regions or governance in North-America (Blatter 2007; Phares 2009) or on international comparisons (Kantor et al. 2012).

  8. 8.

    See also Christmann (2014) for a study of the influence of contextual factors on the shift from government to governance.

  9. 9.

    See Elias (2008) for a reprise of the rise and fall of the idea of a ‘Europe of the Regions’.

  10. 10.

    See for the debate on new regionalism in Europe among many others Amin (1999); for a critical appraisal Lovering (1999) and Deas and Lord (2006); for a political perspective Keating (1997) who sees new regionalism rising in economic and institutional restructuring as well as political mobilisation in the EU since the late 1980s. Moreover, Keating (2000) postulates defining regions not only in terms of political-administrative units, but also as territorial entities and political spaces.

  11. 11.

    Hooghe and Marks (1996) originally applied the expression of channels to Europe to regional activities.

  12. 12.

    In EU regulatory policymaking, in contrast, Högenhauer’s (2015) analysis of regional influence indicates only very few cases in which regional governments bypass national governments or other intermediaries.

  13. 13.

    The present study assesses the role of networking as a channel of the Europeanisation of metropolitan policies in Sect. 7.4.3. Furthermore, Straßheim and Oppen (2006) analyse learning processes in inter-municipal networks in Germany. Straßheim (2011) also introduces a network-perspective on the circulation of knowledge on urban issues and governance in mainly German inter-municipal organisations between local administrations.

  14. 14.

    See for instance Pasquier’s (2012) overview of the international activities of French regions.

  15. 15.

    See among others Börzel (2001) with a historical institutionalist approach on regions in Germany and Spain focusing on the importance of domestic institutional frameworks.

  16. 16.

    See Giannakourou (2012) for an overview of lines of the debate on the Europeanisation of spatial planning and a typology.

  17. 17.

    These two metaphors represent examples of predominantly visual representations of spatial concepts. According to van Duinen (2004), images contribute to communicating planning concepts. Moreover, Dühr (2007) emphasises the need to understand map making as a political process and cartography in terms of power relationships, in particular in the communication of planning. Accordingly, Dühr and Zonneveld (2012) suggest analysing shifts in European spatial planning and changes of EU spatial planning paradigms though images of Europe understood as visualisations of EU territory. While visual representations and maps present important instruments for spatial planning, the present analysis focuses on verbal concepts and metaphors in metropolitan policies.

  18. 18.

    See for example Wojan (2016) concerning the influence of metaphors for the success of regional development concepts.

  19. 19.

    See for instance Ache (2008), Ache and Andersen (2009), Colomb and Santinha (2014); for a discussion of this dualism in the case of German metropolitan policies see Küpper (2008).

  20. 20.

    Cf. the chronology and typology of planning concepts related to regional development by Lagendijk (2006), understood as models of regional innovation proposed by different schools, shifting mainly from institutional to cognitive perspectives.

  21. 21.

    See for instance Luukkonen (2011) for an analysis of the economic-competitive orientation of subnational spatial planning and its relation to a place-based approach of economic development.

References

  • Abrahams G (2014) What “is” territorial cohesion? What does it “do”?: essentialist versus pragmatic approaches to using concepts. Eur Plan Stud 22:2134–2155. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.819838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ache P (ed) (2008) Cities between competitiveness and cohesion: discourses, realities and implementation. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Ache P, Andersen HT (2009) Reconciling competitiveness with cohesion. disP Plan Rev 45:31–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02513625.2009.10557028

  • Albrechts L, Healey P, Kunzmann KR (2003) Strategic spatial planning and regional governance in Europe. APA J 69:113–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Alden J (2006) Regional development and spatial planning. In: Adams N, Alden J, Harris N (eds) Regional development and spatial planning in an enlarged European Union. Ashgate, Aldershot, pp 17–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen D (2010) The structural funds and cohesion policy: extending the bargain to meet new challenges. In: Wallace H, Pollack MA, Young AR (eds) Policy-making in the European Union, 6th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, pp 229–252

    Google Scholar 

  • Amin A (1999) An institutionalist perspective on regional economic development. Int J Urban Reg Res 23:365–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antalovsky E, Dangschat JS, Parkinson M (eds) (2005) Cities in Europe—Europe in the cities: European metropolitan governance. Liverpool, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson R, Rossignolo C (2010) Cities and the ‘soft side’ of Europeanization: the role of urban networks. In: Hamedinger A, Wolffhardt A (eds) The Europeanization of cities: policies, urban change, & urban networks. Techne Press, Amsterdam, pp 197–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Bache I (2006) The politics of redistribution. In: Jørgensen KE, Pollack MA, Rosamond B (eds) Handbook of European Union politics. Sage, London, Thousand Oaks, Calif, pp 395–411

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bachtler J, Mendez C (2007) Who governs EU cohesion policy? Deconstructing the reforms of the structural funds. JCMS: J Common Mark Stud 45:535–564. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2007.00724.x

  • Bachtler J, Berkowitz P, Hardy S (eds) (2017) EU cohesion policy: reassessing performance and direction. Regions and cities, vol 111. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbehön M (2015) Die Europäisierung von Städten als diskursiver Prozess: Kollektive Europavorstellungen und die Möglichkeitsräume lokaler Feinstaubpolitik in Frankfurt/Main und Dortmund. Inauguraldissertation, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbehön M (2016) Europeanisation as Discursive Process: Urban Constructions of Europe and the Local Implementation of EU Directives. J Eur Integr, 38:163–177. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2015.1110147

  • Barber BR (2014) If mayors ruled the world: dysfunctional nations, rising cities, Pbk edn. Yale University Press, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Bassand M, Kübler D (2001) Introduction: metropolization and metropolitan governance. Debate: metropolitan governance today. Swiss Polit Sci Rev 7:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1662-6370.2001.tb00319.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baudelle G, Peyrony J (2005) Le polycentrisme en France: cheminement d’un concept. Territoires 2030(1):89–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Beal V, Pinson G (2014) When mayors go global: international strategies, urban governance and leadership. Int J Urban Reg Res 38:302–317. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bege S (2010) Das Konzept der Metropolregion in Theorie Und Praxis: Ziele. Gabler Verlag, Umsetzung Und Kritik

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Bengs C, Zonneveld W (2002) The European discourse on urban-rural relationships: a new policy and research agenda. Built Environ 8:278–289

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz A (2001) Vom Stadt-Umland-Verband zu “regional governance” in Stadtregionen. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Kommunalwissenschaften 40:55–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz A, Eberlein B (1999) The Europeanization of regional policies: patterns of multi-level governance. J Eur Public Policy 6:329–348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg Lvd, van Klink A, Meer Jvd (2004) Survey of metropolitan government in Europe. In: Phares D (ed) Metropolitan governance without metropolitan government?. Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, Burlington, VT, pp 79–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg Lvd, Meer Jvd, Otgaar A, Speller C (2006) Empowering metropolitan regions through new forms of cooperation: new perspectives on metropolitan governance. Final report. www.hel.fi/hel2/Helsinginseutu/Pks/PKS_Empowering_metropolitan_regions.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2016

  • Berry BJL (1962) City size distribution and economic development. Ekistics 13:90–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Blatter J (2006) Geographical scale and functional scope in metropolitan governance reform: theory and evidence from Germany. J Urban Affairs 28:121–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2006.00264.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blatter J (2007) Governance - theoretische Formen und historische Transformationen: Politische Steuerung und Integration in Metropolregionen der USA (1850 - 2000). Modernes Regieren, vol 3. Nomos Verlag, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Böhme K (2002) Nordic echoes of European spatial planning: discursive integration in practice. Doctoral thesis, 2002:8. Nordregio, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  • Börzel T (2001) Nations and regions in the European Union: institutional adaptation in Germany and Spain. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Boustedt O (1953) Die Stadt und ihr Umland. Raumforschung und Raumordnung 11:20

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner N (1999) Globalisation as reterritorialisation: the re-scaling of urban governance in the European Union. Urban Stud 36:431–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098993466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brenner N (2003) Standortpolitik, state rescaling and the new metropolitan governance in Western Europe. disP Plan Rev 152:15–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Brenner N (2004) New state spaces: urban governance and the rescaling of statehood. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brunet R (1989) Les Villes “Européennes”: Rapport pour la DATAR. Délégation à l’aménagement du territoire et à l’action régionale, Documentation française, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton IAN (1963) The quantitative revolution and theoretical geography. Can Geogr 7:151–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.1963.tb00796.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buser M (2012) The production of space in metropolitan regions: a Lefebvrian analysis of governance and spatial change. Plan Theory 11:279–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473095212439693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Büttner S (2012) Mobilizing regions, mobilizing Europe: expert knowledge and scientific planning in European regional development, 1st ed. Routledge/European sociological association studies in European societies, vol 15. Routledge, London, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Büttner S (2014) Unity in diversity? The standardized diversification of EU regions. In: Rumford C, Buhari D (eds) European multiplicity. Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, pp 69–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Caffyn A, Dahlström M (2005) Urban–rural interdependencies: joining up policy in practice. Reg Stud 39:283–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340050086580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter J (2006) Addressing Europe’s urban challenges: lessons from the EU URBAN community initiative. Urban Stud 43:2145–2162. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600990456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chilla T (2012) L’Union Européenne a-t-elle une politique de développement des métropoles?: (Does the European Union have a policy of metropolitan development). bagf 89:558–569. https://doi.org/10.3406/bagf.2012.8294

  • Christmann A (2014) Von Government zu Governance? Acht europäische Metropolregionen im Vergleich. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 8:141–167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12286-014-0187-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colomb C, Santinha G (2014) European Union competition policy and the European territorial cohesion agenda: an impossible reconciliation? State aid rules and public service liberalization through the European spatial planning lens. Eur Plan Stud 22:459–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.744384

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Committee of the Regions (2009) White paper on multilevel governance: own-initiative opinion. 80th plenary session. http://cor.europa.eu/de/activities/governance/Pages/white-pape-on-multilevel-governance.aspx. Accessed 3 July 2017

  • Cox KR (2010) The problem of metropolitan governance and the politics of scale. Reg Stud 44:215–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903365128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • d’Albergo E, Lefèvre C (2007) Why cities are looking abroad and how they go about it. Environ Plann C 25:317–326. https://doi.org/10.1068/c2503ed

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabinett G, Richardson T (2005) The Europeanization of spatial strategy: shaping regions and spatial justice through governmental ideas. Int Plan Stud 10:201–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470500378549

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Danielzyk R, Münter A, Wiechmann T (eds) (2016) Polyzentrale Metropolregionen, [1. Auflage]. Planungswissenschaftliche Studien zu Raumordnung und Regionalentwicklung, vol 5. Rohn, Detmold

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies HWE (1994) Towards a European planning system? Plan Pract Res 9:63–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459408722911

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi S (2003) Polycentricity in European spatial planning: from an analytical tool to a normative agenda. European briefing. Eur Plan Stud 11:979–999. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965431032000146169

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi S (2008) Conceptions of the city-region: a critical review. Proc ICE Urban Des Plan 161:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1680/udap.2008.161.2.51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi S, Stead D (2002) Urban-rural relationships: an introduction and brief history. Built Environ 28:269–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Davoudi S, Strange I (2008) Introduction. In: Davoudi S, Strange I (eds) Conceptions of space and place in strategic spatial planning. Taylor & Francis, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Deas I, Lord A (2006) From a new regionalism to an unusual regionalism? The emergence of non-standard regional spaces and lessons for the territorial reorganisation of the state. Urban Stud 43:1847–1877. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980600838143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Delanty G, Rumford C (2005) Rethinking Europe: social theory and the implications of Europeanization. Routledge, London, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dembski S (2015) Structure and imagination of changing cities: Manchester, Liverpool and the spatial in-between. Urban Stud 52:1647–1664. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098014539021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dente B (1990) Metropolitan governance reconsidered, or how to avoid errors of the third type. Gov Int J Policy Adm 3:55–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Diez T (2001) Speaking ‘Europe’: the politics of integration discourse. In: Christiansen T, Jørgensen KE, Wiener A (eds) The social construction of Europe. Sage, London, Thousand Oaks, Calif, pp 85–100

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dossi S (2012) How cities encounter Europe: mechanisms and modes. In: Exadaktylos T, Radaelli CM (eds) Research design in European studies: establishing causality in Europeanization. Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, New York, pp 160–177

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Dotti NF (ed) (2016) Learning from implementation and evaluation of the EU cohesion policy: lessons from a research-policy dialogue, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Dühr S (2007) The visual language of spatial planning: exploring cartographic representations for spatial planning in Europe. Routledge, London, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dühr S, Lagendijk A (2007) The performance of spatial concepts in regional-level planning policy text and maps in the Netherlands, Lisbon

    Google Scholar 

  • Dühr S, Zonneveld W (2012) Images of Europe, images for Europe. In: Zonneveld W (ed) European territorial governance. Delft Univ. Press, Delft, pp 281–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Dühr S, Colomb C, Nadin V (2010) European spatial planning and territorial cooperation. Routledge, London, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dukes T (2008) The URBAN programme and the European urban policy discourse: successful instruments to Europeanize the urban level? GeoJournal 72:105–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9168-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dukes T (2010) The ‘European turn’ of Amsterdam and The Hague: urban Europeanization in practice. In: Hamedinger A, Wolffhardt A (eds) The Europeanization of cities: policies, urban change, & urban networks. Techne Press, Amsterdam, pp 43–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Egermann M (2009) Metropolregionen in den nationalen raumplanungspolitischen Diskursion in Deutschland, Polen und der Tschechischen Republik. In: Güldenberg E, Preising T, Scholles F (eds) Europäische Raumentwicklung: Metropolen und periphere Regionen. Lang, Frankfurt, M., Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, NY, Oxford, Wien, 71–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Elias A (2008) Introduction: whatever happened to the Europe of the regions?: revisiting the regional dimension of European politics. Reg Fed Stud 18:483–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560802351655

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elinbaum P, Galland D (2015) Analysing contemporary metropolitan spatial plans in Europe through their institutional context, instrumental content and planning process. Eur Plan Stud 24:181–206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1036843

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ESPON (2006) ESPON 1.1.1: Potentials for polycentric development in Europe, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission DGfRP (2013) Inception report (revised version): study on promoting multi-level governance in support of Europe 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • European Metropolitan Authorities, Città metropolitana di Torino (2016) Towards a common European metropolitan agenda: forum. http://www.cittametropolitana.torino.it/speciali/2016/ema/forum.shtml. Accessed 2 July 2017

  • Faludi A (1996) Framing with images. Environ Plan B 23:93–108. https://doi.org/10.1068/b230093

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faludi A (ed) (2002) European spatial planning. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass

    Google Scholar 

  • Faludi A (2006) From European spatial development to territorial cohesion policy. Reg Stud 40:667–678. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600868937

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faludi A (2015) The “Blue Banana” revisited. Eur J Spat Dev

    Google Scholar 

  • Fichter H (2002) Regionale Handlungsfähigkeit im europäischen Wettbewerb: Spezifische Ausprägungen reigonaler Governance-Formen am Beispiel dreier deutscher Metropolregionen. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung 313–324

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleurke F, Willemse R (2007) Effects of the European Union on sub-national decision-making: enhancement or constriction? J Eur Integr 29:69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036330601144466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flinders MV, Bache I (eds) (2004) Multi-level governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank S (2006a) Aufeinander zugehen: Die Europäische Union und die europäischen Städte. In: Kleger H, Lomsky A, Weigt F (eds) Von der Agglomeration zur Städteregion: Neue politische Denk- und Kooperationsräume. Lit, Berlin, pp 31–59

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank S (2006b) The European Union and the European cities: three phases of European urban policy. In: Altrock U et al (eds) Spatial planning and urban development in the new EU member states: from adjustment to reinvention. Ashgate, Aldershot, England, Burlington, VT, pp 39–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Frenzel A (1998) Stadtregionale Entwicklungssteuerung im Standortwettbewerb: Institutioneller Wandel der interkommunalen Zusammenarbeit in deutschen und französischen Verdichtungsräumen - untersucht an den Fallbeispielen Stuttgart und Bordeaux. Dissertation, Universität Halle

    Google Scholar 

  • Frey BS, Eichenberger R (1996) FOCJ: competitive governments for Europe. Int Rev Law Econ 16:315–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frey BS, Eichenberger R (2001) Metropolitan governance for the future: functional overlapping competing jurisdictions. Swiss Polit Sci Rev 7:4–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Fricke C (2017) Metropolitan regions as a changing policy concept in a comparative perspective. Raumforschung und Raumordnung 75:291–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13147-016-0450-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fricke C, Gualini E (2017) Metropolitan regions as contested spaces: the discursive construction of metropolitan space in comparative perspective. Territory, Politics, Governance. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2017.1351888

  • Friedmann J (1986) The world city hypothesis. Dev Change 17:69–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.1986.tb00231.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Funnell DC (1988) Urban-rural linkages: research themes and directions. Geografiska Annaler. Ser B Hum Geogr 70:267–274. https://doi.org/10.2307/490953

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fürst D (2012) Internationales Verständnis von “Strategischer Regionaplanung”. In: Vallée D (ed) Strategische Regionalplanung. ARL, Hannover, pp 18–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Geppert A (2009) Polycentricity: can we make it happen? From a concept to its implementation. Urban Res Pract 2:251–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535060903319145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannakourou G (2012) The Europeanization of national planning: explaining the causes and the potentials of change. Plan Pract Res 27:117–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2012.661195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giersig N (2008) Multilevel urban governance and the ‘European City’: discussing metropolitan reforms in Stockholm and Helsinki. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften/ GWV Fachverlage GmbH Wiesbaden, Wiesbaden

    Google Scholar 

  • Gl ⊘ ersen E (2007) Towards an improved understanding of urban profiles and polycentric development potentials: reflections on ESPON 1.1.1. In: Cattan N (ed) Cities and networks in Europe: a critical approach of polycentrism. J. Libbey eurotext, Montrouge, pp 27–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Gl ⊘ ersen E, Lähteenmäki-Smith K, Dubois A (2007) Polycentricity in transnational planning initiatives: ESDP applied or ESDP reinvented? Plan Pract Res 22:417–437. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697450701666761

  • Goldsmith MJF (2003) Variable geometry, multilevel governance: European integration and subnational government in the new millennium. In: Featherstone K, Radaelli CM (eds) The Politics of Europeanization. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 122–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith MJF, Klausen KK (1997) European integration and local government: some initial thoughts. In: Goldsmith MJF, Klausen KK (eds) European integration and local government. Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood J (2011) Actors of the common interest?: The Brussels Offices of the regions. J Eur Integr 33:437–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2011.579749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grisel M, van de Waart F (eds) (2011) Multilevel urban governance or the art of working together: methods, instruments and practices. European Urban Knowledge Network, Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2001a) ‘New programming’ and the influence of transnational discourses in the reform of regional policy in Italy. Eur Plan Stud 9:755–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310120073801

  • Gualini E (2001b) Planning and the intelligence of institutions: interactive approaches to territorial policy-making between institutional design and institution-building. Urban and regional planning and development, Ashgate, Aldershot, Hampshire, England, Burlington, VT

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2003) Challenges to multi-level governance: contradictions and conflicts in the Europeanization of Italian regional policy. J Eur Public Policy 10:616–636. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350176032000101280

  • Gualini E (2004a) Integration, diversity, plurality: territorial governance and the reconstruction of legitimacy in a European ‘postnational’ state. Geopolitics 9:542–563. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650040490478639

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2004b) Multi-level governance and institutional change: the Europeanization of regional policy in Italy. Ashgate, Aldershot

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2006) The rescaling of governance in Europe: new spatial and institutional rationales. Eur Plan Stud 14:881–904. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310500496255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2008) ‘Territorial cohesion’ as a category of agency: the missing dimension in the EU spatial policy debate. Eur J Spat Dev 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Gualini E (2012) Towards a multi-level polity? Regionalisation and the ‘Europeanisation’ of regional policy. In: Zonnneveld W (ed) European territorial governance. Delft Univ. Press, Delft, pp 135–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Güntner S (2011) Urban development and European forms of MLG. In: Grisel M, van de Waart F (eds) Multilevel urban governance or the art of working together: methods, instruments and practices. European Urban Knowledge Network, Hague, pp 17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamedinger A, Wolffhardt A (2010) Understanding the interplay between Europe and the cities: frameworks and perspectives. In: Hamedinger A, Wolffhardt A (eds) The Europeanization of cities: policies, urban change, & urban networks. Techne Press, Amsterdam, pp 9–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamedinger A, Bartik H, Wolffhardt A (2008) The impact of EU area based programmes on local governance: towards a ‘Europeanisation’? Urban Stud 45:2669–2687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harding A (2007) Taking city regions seriously? Response to debate on city-regions: new geographies of governance, democracy and social reproduction? Int J Urban Reg Res 31:443–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00736.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison J (2013) Configuring the new ‘regional world’: on being caught between territory and networks. Reg Stud 47:55–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.644239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey P (1998) The place of ‘Europe’ in contemporary spatial strategy making. Eur Urban Reg Stud 5:139–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/096977649800500203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey P (2004) The treatment of space and place in the new strategic spatial planning in Europe. Int J Urban Reg Res 28:45–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey P (2007) Urban complexity and spatial strategies: towards a relational planning for our times. The RTPI library series, Routledge, London, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey P (2009) City regions and place development. Reg Stud 43:831–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701861336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Healey P, Williams R (1993) European urban planning systems: diversity and convergence. Urban Stud 30:701–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/00420989320081881

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heeg S, Klagge B, Oßenbrügge J (2003) Metropolitan cooperation in Europe: theoretical issues and perspectives for urban networking. Eur Plan Stud 11:139–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965431032000072846

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heiden Nvd (2010) Urban foreign policy and domestic dilemmas: insights from Swiss and EU city-regions. ECPR Press monographs. ECPR Press, Colchester

    Google Scholar 

  • Heineberg H (2014) Stadtgeographie, 4. aktualisierte und erweiterte Aufl. UTB, vol 2166. Schöningh, Paderborn

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinelt H, Kübler D (eds) (2005) Metropolitan governance: capacity, democracy and the dynamics of place. Routledge/ECPR studies in European political science, vol 37. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinelt H, Razin E, Zimmermann K (eds) (2011) Metropolitan governance: different paths in contrasting contexts: Germany and Israel. Interdisziplinäre Stadtforschung, vol 9. Campus, Frankfurt am Main

    Google Scholar 

  • Heinz W (ed) (2000) Stadt und Region - Kooperation oder Koordination?: Ein internationaler Vergleich, 1. Aufl. Schriften des Deutschen Instituts für Urbanistik, vol 93. Kohlhammer [u.a.], Stuttgart

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrschel T, Newman P (2002) Governance of Europe’s city regions: planning, policy and politics. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Högenauer A-L (2015) The limits of territorial interest representation in the European Union. Territ Polit Gov 3:147–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2014.911701

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe L (ed) (1996) Cohesion policy and European integration: building multi-level governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe L, Marks G (1996) “Europe with the regions”: channels of regional representation in the European Union. Publiu. J Fed 26:73–91

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe L, Marks G (eds) (2001) Multi-level governance and European integration. Governance in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghe L, Marks G (2003) Unraveling the Central State, but how? Types of multi-level governance. Am Polit Sci Rev 97:233–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (2016) Aire urbaine: Définition. https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/definition/c2070. Accessed 13 Feb 2017

  • Jeffery C (2000) Sub-national mobilization and European integration: does it make any difference? JCMS: J Common Mark Stud 38:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5965.00206

  • Jensen OB, Richardson T (2004) Making European space: mobility, power and territorial identity. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen OB, Richardson T (2010) Being on the map: the new iconographies of power over European space. Int Plan Stud 8:9–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470320000059246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jessop B, Brenner N, Jones M (2008) Theorizing sociospatial relations. Environ Plan D Soc Space 26:389–401. https://doi.org/10.1068/d9107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jonas AEG, Ward K (2007) Introduction to a debate on city-regions: new geographies of governance, democracy and social reproduction. Int J Urban Reg Res 31:169–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00711.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones M, Jessop B (2010) Thinking state/space incompossibly. Antipode 42:1119–1149. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00796.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouve B (2005) From government to urban governance in Western Europe: a critical analysis. Public Adm Dev 25:285–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jouve B, Lefèvre C (eds) (2002a) Local power, territory, and institutions in European metropolitan regions. The Cass series in regional and federal studies, vol 6. Frank Cass, London, Portland, OR

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouve B, Lefèvre C (2002b) Introduction. In: Jouve B, Lefèvre C (eds) Local power, territory, and institutions in European metropolitan regions. Frank Cass, London, Portland, OR, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouve B, Lefèvre C (2002c) Urban power structures: territories, actors and institutions in Europe. In: Jouve B, Lefèvre C (eds) Local power, territory, and institutions in European metropolitan regions. Frank Cass, London, Portland, OR, pp 7–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouve B, Lefèvre C (2006) The organization of government in European Metropolitan areas. Urban Public Econ Rev 6:91–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Kantor P, Lefèvre C, Saito A, Savitch HV, Thornley A (2012) Struggling giants: city-region governance in London, New York, Paris, and Tokyo. Globalization and community series, vol 20. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating M (1997) The invention of regions: political restructuring and territorial government in Western Europe. Environ Plan C Gov Policy 15:383–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keating M (ed) (2000) Regionalism in Western Europe: regional restructuring and political change. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating M (2017) Contesting European regions. Reg Stud 51:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1227777

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knox PL, Taylor PJ (eds) (1995) World cities in a world-system. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Krukowska J, Lackowska M (2017) Metropolitan colours of Europeanization. Institutionalization of integrated territorial investment structures in the context of past cooperation in metropolitan regions. Raumforschung und Raumordnung 75:275–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13147-016-0447-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kübler D (2003) “Metropolitan Governance” oder: Die unendliche Geschichte der Institutionenbildung in Stadtregionen. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung 535–541

    Google Scholar 

  • Kübler D, Piliutyte J (2007) Intergouvernmental relations and international urban strategies: constraints and opportunities in multilevel polities. Environ Plan C Gov Policy 25:357–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kübler D, Schwab B (2007) New regionalism in five Swiss metropolitan areas: an assessment of inclusiveness, deliberation and democratic accountability. Eur J Polit Res 46:473–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann KR (2002) Zur transnationalen Zusammenarbeit europäischer Metropolregionen. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung 341–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunzmann KR, Wegener M (1991) The pattern of urbanization in Western Europe. Ekistics 58:282–291

    Google Scholar 

  • Küpper P (2008) Metropolen-orientierte Politik und territoriale Kohäsion — Notwendigkeit oder Widerspruch? Raumforschung und Raumordnung 66:346–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03183135

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lackowska M, Zimmermann K (2011) New forms of territorial governance in metropolitan regions? A Polish-German comparison. Eur Urban Reg Stud 18:156–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776410390746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagendijk A (2006) Learning form conceptual flow in regional studies: framing present debates, unbracketing past debates. Reg Stud 40:385–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600725202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lagendijk A (2007) The accident of the region: a strategic relational perspective on the construction of the region’s significance. Reg Stud 41:1193–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701675579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang T, Török I (2016) Metropolitan region policies in the European Union: following national, European or neoliberal agendas? Int Plan Stud 22:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563475.2017.1310652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Galès P (2002) European cities. Oxford University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre C (1998) Metropolitan government and governance in Western Europe: a critical review. Int J Urban Reg Res 22:9–25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lefèvre C (2009) Gouverner les métropoles. Politiques locales. Dexia; LGDJ-Lextenso éd., Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Loughlin J (1996) Representing regions in Europe: the committee of the regions. Reg Fed Stud 6:147–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597569608420973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovering J (1999) Theory led by policy: the inadequacies of the ‘new regionalism’ (Illustrated from the case of Wales). Int J Urban Reg Res 23:379–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery D (2001) Metropolitan governance structures from a neoprogressive perspective. Swiss Polit Sci Rev 7:11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Luukkonen J (2011) The Europeanization of regional development: local strategies and European spatial visions in Nothern Finland. Geografiska Annaler: Hum Geogr 93:253–270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall AJ (2005) Europeanization at the urban level: local actors, institutions and the dynamics of multi-level interaction. J Eur Public Policy 12:668–686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijers E (2005) Polycentric urban regions and the quest for synergy: is a network of cities more than the sum of the parts? Urban Stud 42:765–781

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meijers EJ, Romein A, Hoppenbrouwer EC (eds) (2003) Planning polycentric urban regions in North West Europe: value, feasibility and design. Europbanet Report 2. Housing and urban policy suidies, vol 25. DUP Science, Delft

    Google Scholar 

  • Münch S (2010) Integration durch Wohnungspolitik?: Zum Umgang mit ethnischer Segregation im europäischen Vergleich, 1st edn. VS Verl. für Sozialwiss, Wiesbaden

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Nelles J (2013) Cooperation and capacity? Exploring the sources and limits of city-region governance partnerships. Int J Urban Reg Res 37:1349–1367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01112.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuman M, Hull A (2009) The futures of the city region. Reg Stud 43:777–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903037511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niederhafner S (2008) Städte als politische Akteure im Mehrebenensystem der EU: Eine vergleichende Untersuchung der pan-europäischen Interessenorganisationen Eurocities und RGRE unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Länder Deutschland, Frankreich und Großbritannien. Dissertation, Darmstadt

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagano G, Losco S (2016) EU cohesion-policies and metropolitan areas. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 223:422–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinson M (2005) Urban policy in Europe—where have we been and where are we going? In: Antalovsky E, Dangschat JS, Parkinson M (eds) Cities in Europe—Europe in the cities: European metropolitan governance. Liverpool, Vienna, pp 17–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Parr J (2004) The polycentric urban region: a closer inspection. Reg Stud 38:231–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/003434042000211114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquier R (2007) ‘Cognitive Europeanization’ and the territorial effects of multilevel policy transfer: local development in French and Spanish regions. Reg Fed Stud 15:295–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438590500223269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquier R (2009) The Europeanisation of French regions. Fr Polit 7:123–144. https://doi.org/10.1057/fp.2009.9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquier R (2012) Quand le local rencontre le global: Contours et enjeux de l’action internationale des collectivités territoriales. Revue française d’administration publique 141:167. https://doi.org/10.3917/rfap.141.0167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payre R (2008) Ordre politique et gouvernement urbain. Université Lumière - Lyon II, Science politique

    Google Scholar 

  • Petrin J, Knieling J (2009) Das Bildversprechen der Metropolregion: Potenziale und Risiken einer bildmächtigen Raumkategorie. In: Knieling J (ed) Metropolregionen: Innovation, Wettbewerb, Handlungsfähigkeit. Verlag der ARL; ARL, Hannover, pp 300–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Phares D (ed) (2009) Governing metropolitan regions in the 21st century. Cities and Contemporary Society. Routledge, London [England], New York, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Piattoni S (2010) The theory of multi-level governance: conceptual, empirical, and normative challenges. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K., New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Popescu I (2005) The metropolitan dimension of Europe: from cities to urban regions. Administratie Si Management Public 69–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston DA (1975) Rural-urban and inter-settlement interaction: theory and analytical structure. Area 7:171–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauhut D (2017) Polycentricity—one concept or many? Eur Plan Stud 25:332–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1276157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter R (2008) The “European city” in the European Union: comparing the implementation conditions for the EUs urban development agenda in Germany and France. In: Atkinson R, Rossignolo C (eds) The re-creation of the European City: governance, territory and polycentricity; [brings together some revised versions of papers presented at a EURA conference on cities in city regions held in Warsaw in May 2006]. Techne Press, Amsterdam, pp 17–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson T, Jensen OB (2000) Discourses of mobility and polycentric development: a contested view of European spatial planning. Discourses of mobility and polycentric development: a contested view of European spatial planning. Eur Plan Stud 8:503–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/713666421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-Pose A (2008) The rise of the “city-region” concept and its development policy implications. Eur Plan Stud 16:1025–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310802315567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossignolo C, Toldo A (2008) The polycentric ‘vocation’ of European territories: towards the construction of the Italian North West and other networking stories. In: Atkinson R, Rossignolo C (eds) The re-creation of the European city: governance, territory and polycentricity; [brings together some revised versions of papers presented at a EURA conference on cities in city regions held in Warsaw in May 2006]. Techne Press, Amsterdam, pp 65–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Salet W (2007) New metropolitan spaces and metropolitan strategies in the face of modernisation. Métropoles

    Google Scholar 

  • Salet W, Thornley A, Kreukels A (2003a) Institutional and spatial coordination in European metropolitan regions. In: Salet W, Thornley A, Kreukels A, Salet WGM (eds) Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions. Spon Press, London, New York, pp 3–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Salet W, Thornley A, Kreukels A (2003b) Practices of metropolitan governance in Europe: experiences and lessons. In: Salet W, Thornley A, Kreukels A, Salet W (eds) Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions. Spon Press, London, New York, pp 377–390

    Google Scholar 

  • Sassen S (1991) The global city: New York, London. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  • Savitch HV, Vogel RK (2000) Paths to New regionalism. Symposium on new regionalism and its policy agenda. State Local Gov Rev 32:158–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savitch HV, Vogel RK (2009) Regionalism and urban politics. In: Davies JS, Imbroscio DL (eds) Theories of urban politics, 2nd edn. Sage, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt P (2013) Planning for polycentricity in European metropolitan areas—challenges, expectations and practices. Plan Pract Res 28:400–419. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2013.780570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultze CJ (2003) Cities and EU governance: policy-takers or policy-makers? Reg Fed Stud 13:121–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott AJ (ed) (2001) Global city-regions: trends, theory, policy. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw D, Sykes O (2004) The concept of polycentricity in European spatial planning: reflections on its interpretation and application in the practice of spatial planning. Int Plan Stud 9:283–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13563470500050437

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soldatos P, Michelmann HJ (1992) Subnational units?: Paradiplomacy in the context of European integration. J Eur Integr 15:129–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036339208428971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stead D (2013) Convergence, divergence, or constancy of spatial planning? Connecting theoretical concepts with empirical evidence from Europe. J Plan Lit 28:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212471562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straßheim H (2011) Netzwerkpolitik: Governance und Wissen im administrativen Austausch, 1., neue Ausg. Modernes Regieren - Schriften zu einer neuen Regierungslehre, vol 6. Nomos, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Straßheim H, Oppen M (2006) Lernen in Städtenetzwerken: Kooperation, Konflikte, Kompetenzentwicklung. Modernisierung des öffentlichen Sektors Sonderbd, vol 27. Ed. Sigma, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sýkora L, Mulíček O, Maier K (2009) City regions and polycentric territorial development: concepts and practice. Urban Res Pract 2:233–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17535060903319095

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor PJ (2013) The remarkable legacy of Peter Hall’s (1966) The world cities. http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb423.html. Accessed 11 July 2017

  • Tofarides M (2003) Urban policy in the European Union: a multi-level gatekeeper system. Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, Burlington, VT

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Offices of Management and Budget (2015) Revised delineations of metropolitan statistical areas, micropolitan statistical areas, and combined statistical areas, and guidance on uses of the delineations of these areas. OMB Bulletin No. 15-01. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/omb/bulletins/2015/15-01.pdf. Accessed 2 August 2017

  • van Duinen L (2004) Planning imagery: the emergence and development of new planning concepts in Dutch national spatial policy. Universiteit van Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Academische Proefschrift

    Google Scholar 

  • Varró K, Lagendijk A (2013) Conceptualizing the region—in what sense relational? Reg Stud 47:18–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2011.602334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waterhout B (2002) Polycentric development: what is behind it? In: Faludi A (ed) European spatial planning. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., pp 83–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterhout B (2007) Territorial cohesion: the underlying discourses. In: Faludi A (ed) Territorial cohesion and the European model of society. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., pp 37–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Waterhout B, Mourato JM, Böhme K (2009) The impact of Europeanisation on planning cultures. In: Knieling J, Othengrafen F (eds) Planning cultures in Europe: decoding cultural phenomena in urban and regional planning. Ashgate Pub. Company, Farnham, England, Burlington, VT, pp 239–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiechmann T (2009) Raumpolitische Diskurse um Metropolregionen in Europa - Eine Spurensuche. In: Knieling J (ed) Metropolregionen: Innovation, Wettbewerb, Handlungsfähigkeit. Verlag der ARL; ARL, Hannover, pp 101–132

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilks-Heeg S, Perry B, Harding A (2003) Metropolitan regions in the face of the European dimension. In: Salet W, Thornley A, Kreukels A, Salet WGM (eds) Metropolitan governance and spatial planning: comparative case studies of European city-regions. Spon Press, London, New York, pp 20–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams RH (1996) European Union spatial policy and planning. Paul Chapman Pub, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojan TR (2016) Metaphors of regional policy: cities as engines, multilevel governance in gardens. Reg Stud 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1164839

  • Wolffhardt A (2005) Introduction: the European engagement of cities. In: Antalovsky E, Dangschat JS, Parkinson M (eds) Cities in Europe—Europe in the cities: European metropolitan governance. Liverpool, Vienna, pp 147–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann K (2008) “Cities for growth, jobs and cohesion”. Die implizite Stadtpolitik der EU. In: Heinelt H, Vetter A (eds) Lokale Politikforschung heute. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden, pp 79–102

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann K (2010) Kollektives Lernen und strategische Planung oder: die verborgenen Anforderungen der Strategieentwicklung. In: Hutter G (ed) Strategische Planung: Zur Rolle der Planung in der Strategieentwicklung für Städte und Regionen. Univ, Kassel, pp 143–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann K (2012) Institutionalisierung regionaler Kooperation als kollektiver Lernprozess?: Das Beispiel Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar, 1. Auflage. Modernes Regieren, Band 9. Nomos, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann K (2016) Metropolenpolitik in polyzentrischen Regionen. In: Danielzyk R, Münter A, Wiechmann T (eds) Polyzentrale Metropolregionen, [1. Auflage]. Rohn, Detmold, pp 100–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann K, Getimis P (2017) Metropolitan governance in Europe. Raumforschung und Raumordnung 75:201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld W (ed) (2012) European territorial governance. Delft Univ. Press, Delft

    Google Scholar 

  • Zonneveld W, Stead D (2007) European territorial cooperation and the concept of urban–rural relationships. Plan Pract Res 22:439–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697450701666787

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Human Geography, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany

    Carola Fricke

Authors
  1. Carola Fricke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carola Fricke .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Fricke, C. (2020). The European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies. In: European Dimension of Metropolitan Policies. Springer Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14614-6_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation