Abstract
This chapter explores the definition of adult Resilience, looking at the meaning and relevance of the term to firefighters. Following a review of historical definitions informed by developmental and clinical psychology, 12 interviews were analysed using Thematic Analysis. Findings suggest firefighters identify and construct their ability to deal with the adverse events they experience in their work roles through coping mechanisms, self-efficacy, and reflective learning. A checklist for qualitative interview research is presented, alongside a definition of adult resilience suitable for application.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahmed, W. A. M. (2015). Anxiety and related symptoms among critical care nurses in Albaha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. AIMS Medical Science, 2(4), 303–309.
Allan, J. F., McKenna, J., & Dominey, S. (2014). Degrees of resilience: Profiling psychological resilience and prospective academic achievement in university inductees. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 42(1), 9–25.
American Psychological Association. (2014). The road to resilience. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx.
Arnold, J., Randall, R., Patterson, F., Silvester, J., Robertson, I., Cooper, C., & Burnes, B. (2010). Work psychology: Understanding human behaviour in the workplace (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson.
Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117–148.
Bartone, P. T. (1989). Hardiness, optimism, and health: A construct validity study. Boston, MA: 60th annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association.
Bartone, P. T. (1991). Development and validation of a short hardiness measure. Paper presented at the Third American Psychological Society Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
Bartone, P. T. (1995). A short hardiness scale. Paper presented at The American Psychological Society Annual Convention, New York.
Bartone, P. T., Roland, R. R., Picano, J. J., & Williams, T. J. (2008). Psychological hardiness predicts success in US army special forces candidates. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 16(1), 78–81.
BBC News. (2017). Fire staff on long-term mental health leave up by 30%. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-41164996.
Beaton, R. D., & Murphy, A. (1993). Sources of occupational stress among firefighters/EMTs and firefighter/paramedics and correlations with job-related outcomes. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 8(2), 140–150.
Bergomi, C., Tschacher, W., & Kupper, Z. (2013). The assessment of mindfulness with self-report measures: Existing scales and open issues. Mindfulness, 4, 191–202.
Bloom, N., Laing, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218.
Bonnano, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma and human resilience. American Psychologist, 59, 20–28.
Bonnano, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible:The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482–487.
Bonnano, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2010). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. The Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 1.1–1.25.
Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983). Reflective learning: Key to learning from experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 23(2), 99–117.
Braun, V., & Clarke. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Burger, J. M. (1997). Personality. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Buss, D. M. (1991). Evolutionary personality psychology. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 459–491.
Cameron, F., & Brownie, S. (2010). Enhancing resilience in registered aged care nurses. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 29(2), 66–71.
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, L. S., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour and Research Therapy, 44, 585–599.
Charity Job. (2015, September 30). Indeed [online]. Available from http://www.charityjob.co.uk/jobs/apprentices-and-trainees/415578?tsId=2&referrerIsJobSearch=True&returnUrl=%3A%2F%2Fwww.charityjob.co.uk%2Fjobs%2FEast%20Anglia%3Fpage%3D63&rid=54&utm_source=Indeed&utm_medium=%20aggregator%20&utm_campaign=organic.
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76–82.
Cornum, R., Matthews, M. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Comprehensive soldier fitness: Building resilience in a challenging institutional context. American Psychologist, 66(1), 4–9.
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (2003). Personality in adulthood, a five-factor theory. London, UK: Guildford Press.
CV-Library. (2015). On Indeed [online]. Available from 16 October 2015.
Edward, K. (2005). The phenomenon of resilience in crisis care mental health clinicians. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 14(2), 142–148.
Edwards, K. R., & Martin, R. A. (2014). The conceptualisation, measurement, and role of humour as a character strength in positive psychology. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 10(3), 505–519.
Evans, T. R., & Steptoe-Warren, G. (2018). Homour style clusters: Exploring managerial humour. International Journal of Business Communication, 55(4), 443–454.
Feder, A., Nestler, E. J., & Charney, D. S. (2009). Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 446–457.
Fire Brigade Union (FBU). (2015, July 12) All members circular/pay: National Joint Council Settlement 2015. Available from http://www.fbu.org.uk/news/2015/07/all-members-circular-pay-national-joint-council-settlement-2015.
Fleming, J., & Ledogar, R. J. (2008). Resilience, an evolving concept: A review of literature relevant to aboriginal research. Pimatisiwin, 6(2), 7–23.
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2011). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12.
Friborg, O., Barlaug, D., Martinussen, M., Rosenvinge, J. H., & Hjemdal, O. (2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29–42.
Fugard, A. J. B., & Potts, H. W. W. (2015). Supporting thinking on sample sizes for thematic analysis: A quantitative tool. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(6), 669–684.
Gershan, R. R. M. (2002). Work stress in aging police officers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 44(2), 160–167.
Gibbs, C. (2002). Effective teaching: Exercising self-efficacy and thought control action. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the British Educational Research Association, University of Exeter, England, 12–14 September 2002. www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/00002390.htm.
Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., & Spurgeon, P. C. (2013). An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e-worker’s job effectiveness, well-being and work-life balance. Employee Relations, 35(5), 527–546.
Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82.
Harland, L., Harrison, W., Jones, J. R., & Reiter-Palmon, R. (2005). Leadership behaviours and subordinate resilience. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 11(2), 2–14.
Hesketh, I., Cooper, C. L., & Ivy, J. (2015). Well-being, austerity and policing: Is it worth investing in resilience training? The Police Journal, 88(3), 220–230.
Hesketh, I., Cooper, C., & Ivy, J. (2019). Leading the asset: Resilience training efficacy in UK policing. The Police Journal, 92(1), 56–71.
Hilden, S., & Tikkamaki, K. (2013). Reflective practice as a fuel for organizational learning. Administrative sciences, 3, 76–95.
Howe, A., Smajdor, A., & Stõckl, A. (2012). Towards an understanding of resilience and its relevance to medical training. Medical Education, 46, 349–356.
Hunter, A. L., Shah, A., Langrish, J. P., Raftis, J. B., Lucking, A. J., Brittan, M., et al. (2017). Fire simulation and cardiovascular health in firefighters. Circulation, 135(14), 1284–1295.
Jacelon, C. S. (1997). The trait and process of resilience. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(1), 123–129.
Jackson, D., Firtko, A., & Edenborough, M. (2007). Personal resilience as a strategy for surviving and thriving in the face of workplace adversity: A literature review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 60(1), 1–9.
Jackson, J. J., Thoemmes, F., Jonkmann, K., Lüdtke, O., & Trautwein, U. (2012). Military training and personality trait development: Does the military make the man, or does the man make the military? Psychological Science, 23(3), 270–277.
Juman Blincoe, A. F., & Grant, C. A. (2016). When the going gets tough. Unpublished.
Kara, H. B., Sunger, E., & Kapti, A. (2015). Police stress factors among law enforcement agencies: A comparison study of US and Turkish Police. European Scientific Journal, 11(4), 82–94.
Kirk, J., & Belovics, R. (2006). Making e-working work. Journal of Employment Counselling, 43, 39–46.
Koerber, R., Rouse, M., Stanyar, K., & Pelletier, M.-H. (2018). Building resilience in the workforce. Organizational Dynamics, 47(2), 124–134.
Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., & Hannum, K. M. (2012). Work-nonwork boundary management profiles: A person-centred approach. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 81(91), 112–128.
Kuiper, N. (2012). Humour and resiliency: Towards a process model coping and growth. Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 8(3), 475–491.
Lanz, J. J. (2015). Examining the impact of resilience on work stress and strains in nurses. FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Paper 2232.
Luthar, S., & Cicchetti, D. (2000). The construct of resilience: Implications for interventions and social policies. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 857–885.
Luthar, S., Chicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543–562.
Magee, C. A., Miller, L. M., & Heaven, C. L. (2013). Personality trait change and life satisfaction in adults: The roles of age and hedonic balance. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(6), 694–698.
Maltby, L., Day, L., & Hall, S. (2015). Refining trait resilience: Identifying engineering, ecological, and adaptive facets from extant measures of resilience. PLoS One, 10(7), e0131826.
Maltby, L., Day, L., & Mackaskill, A. (2010). Personality, individual differences and intelligence (2nd ed.). Essex, UK: Pearson Education.
Masten, A. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238.
Masten, A. S., Best, K. M., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2(4), 425–444.
Masys, A. J., Ray-Bennett, N., Shiroshita, H., & Jackson, P. (2014). High impact/low frequency extreme events: Enabling reflection and resilience in a hyperconnected world. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18(2014), 772–779.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1985). Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 6(5), 587–597.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(1), 81–90.
Mcnichol, J. (2014). Boost your resilience: When something stressful happens in your life, how equipped are you to deal with it? ASHA Leader, 19(5), 30–32.
Moon, J. A. (2004). Reflection in learning and professional development: Theory and practice. New York: RoutledgeFalmer.
Moos, R. H., Schafer, J. A. (1987). Evaluating health care work settings: A holistic conceptual framework. Psychology and Health, 1(2), 97–122.
Papazoglou, K., & Anderson, J. (2014). A guide to utilizing police training as a tool to promote resilience and improve health outcomes among police officers. Traumatology: An International Journal, 20(2), 103–111.
Patel, C. J., Beekham, A., Paruk, Z., & Ramgoon, S. (2008). Work-family conflict, job satisfaction and spousal support: An exploration of study of nurses’ experience. Curationis, 31(1), 38–44.
Penley, J. A., Tomaka, J., & Wiebe, J. S. (2002). The association of coping to physical and psychological health outcomes: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 25(6), 551–603.
Perkins, A. M., Arnone, D., Smallwood, J., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Thinking too much: Self-generated thought as the engine of neuroticism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 19(9), 492–498.
Pipe, T. B., Buchda, V. L., Launder, S., Hudak, B., Hulvey, L., Karns, K. E., et al. (2011). Building personal and professional resources of resilience and agility in the healthcare workplace. Stress and Health, 28, 11–22.
Reich, J. W., Zautra, A., & Hall, S. (Eds.). (2010). Handbook of adult resilience. New York: The Guildford Press.
Roberts, W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. American Psychological Association, 126(1), 3–25.
Robertson, I., & Cooper, C. (2011). Well-being productivity and happiness at work. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity: Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611.
Rutter, M. (2012). Resilience as a dynamic concept. Development and Psychopathology, 24, 335–344.
Sandelowski, M. (1995). Sample size in qualitative research. Research in Nursing & Health, 18(2), 179–183.
Seery, M. D., Holman, A. E., & Cohen Silver, R. (2010). Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. American Psychological Association, 99(6), 1025–1041.
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14.
Smith, B. W., Ortiz, J. A., Steffen, L. E., Tooley, E. M., Wiggins, K. T., & Yeater, E. A. (2011). Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 613–617.
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 1–14.
Southwick, S. M., Brett, S., Litz, T., Charney, D., & Friedman, M. J. (Eds.). (2011). Resilience and mental health: Challenges across the lifespan. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Stec, A. A., Dickens, K. E., Salden, M., Hewitt, F. E., Watts, D. P., Houldsworth, P. E., et al. (2018). Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elevated cancer incidence in firefighters. Scientific Reports, 8, 2476. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20616-6.
Sugarman, D. A., Doherty, K. L., Garvey, D. E., & Gass, M. A. (2000). Reflective learning: Theory and practice. Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
Taormina, R. J. (2015). Adult personal resilience: A new theory, new measure, and practical implications. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 35–46.
Theatre Manager. (2015). On Prospects [online]. Available from 22 October 2015.
van Kortenhof, M. C. (2013). E-working, leadership and employee characteristics the effect of transformational leadership and employee characteristics on successful performance in an e-working environment. Doctoral dissertation, Master’s thesis, University of Groningen. Retirieved from http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/afstversl/tm/Van_Kortenhof_2013.pdf).
Wagnild, G., & Young, H. M. (1993). Deveolpment and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 22(4), 252–255.
Werner, E. E. (1984). Resilient children. Young Children, 40, 68–72.
Wilson, S. M., & Ferch, S. R. (2005). Enhancing resilience in the workplace through the practice of caring relationships. Organization Development Journal, 23(4), 45.
Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21, 1–18.
Windle, G., Bennett, K. M., & Noyes, J. (2011). A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Quality Life Outcomes, 9(8), 2–18.
Windwood, P. C., Colon, R., & McEwen, K. (2013). A practical measure of workplace resilience. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 55(10), 1205–1212.
Wright, T. A., & Cropanzano, R. (2000). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction as predictors of job performance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1), 84–94.
Wu, G., Feder, A., Cohen, H., Kim, J. J., Calderon, S., Charney, D. S., & Mathe, A. A. (2013). Understanding resilience. Frontiers in Behavioural Neurosicence, 15(7), 1–15.
Yehuda, R., & LeDoux, J. (2007). Response variation following trauma: A translational neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron, 56(1), 19–32.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Juman Blincoe, A., Grant, C. (2019). When the Going Gets Tough: Adult Resilience Within an Occupational Setting. In: Evans, T., Steptoe-Warren, G. (eds) Applying Occupational Psychology to the Fire Service. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14588-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14588-0_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14587-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14588-0
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)