Abstract
Rural communities in developing countries are confronted with many environmental issues. The poor management of agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, and wastewater has placed relentless pressure on the environment of rural communities. These environmental issues facing rural communities are causing economic deterioration and are threatening the health and well-being of people. Waste has always been considered an undesirable by-product that needs to be eliminated. The environmental hazards associated with dumping waste, as an easy and cheap way of disposal, cannot be ignored. To achieve sustainable development, waste should be treated as a useful by-product. International organizations are currently making great effort addressing economic and environmental issues in a sustainable manner. However, very few studies have been conducted to utilize the waste generated in rural areas to produce useful goods. Since the emergence of the concept of sustainable development many efforts have been made to reach zero pollution. Several concepts including the cradle-to-cradle approach and industrial ecology have been developed to move from linear system to cyclical flow of material thus addressing natural resource depletion other environmental. This chapter presents the application of scientific ecological knowledge to fully utilize all types of wastes generated in rural communities to produce useful goods to approach zero pollution and promote sustainable rural communities.
What the eye does not see, the heart does not grieve about
Old English Proverb
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdel Aal, S. M., & Abdel Motaleb, A. F. (2014). Recycling agricultural waste: Developing knowledge and skills of farmers in Sharkeia Governorate, Partnership in Development Research.
Abdel Wahed, M. S. M., Mohamed, E. A., Wolkersdorfer, C., El-Sayed, M. I., M’nif, A., & Sillanpaa, M. (2015). Assessment of water quality in surface waters of the fayoum watershed, Egypt. Environmental Earth Sciences. 74 1765–1783.
Abdel-Shafy, H. I., & Aly, R. O. (2002). Water issue in Egypt: Resources. Pollution, and Protection Endeavors, CEJOEM, 8(1), 3–21.
Abou Hussein, S. D., & Sawan, O. M. (2010). The utilization of agricultural waste as one of the environmental issues in Egypt (a case study). Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 6(8), 1116–1124.
Adisa R. S. (2012). Rural development in the twenty-first century as a global necessity. In Rural development—contemporary issues and practices, business, management and economics, http://www.intechopen.com/articles/show/title/introductory_chapter_rural_development_in_the_twenty_first_century_as_a_global_necessity. Accessed 14 August 2016.
Akinbami, J. F. K., Ilori, M. O., Oyebisi, T. O., Akinwumi, I. O., & Adeoti, O. (2001). Biogas energy use in Nigeria: Current status, future prospects and policy implications. Renewable and Sustainable EnergyReviews, 5(1), 97–112.
Bajgain, S., & Shakya, I. S. (2005). A successful model of public private partnership for rural household energy supply. Kigali, Rwanda: SNV.
Bond, T., & Michael, R. T. (2001). History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 347–354.
Bond, T., & Templeton, M. R. (2011). History and future of domestic biogas plants in the developing world. Energy for Sustainable Development, 15(4), 347–354.
Chen, Y., Yang, G., Sweeney, S., & Feng, Y. (2010). Household biogas use in rural China: A study of opportunities and constraints. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(1), 545–549.
Dorrah, H. (2004). Management of solid and liquid wastes for integrated water management districts and general directorates.
Dutta, S., Rehman, I. H., & Malhotra, P. (1997). Biogas: The Indian NGO experience. New Delhi, India: Tata Energy Research Institute.
El Gammal, H. (2011). Water quality protection in rural areas in Egypt. In Fifth International Water Technology Conference, Alexandira.
El-Haggar, S. M. (2007) Sustainable industrial design and waste management: Cradel-to-cradle for sustainable development. Elsivier Academic Press.
El-Zanfaly, T. (2015). Water quality and health in egyptian rural areas. Journal of Environment Protection and Sustainable Development, 1(4), 203–210.
Epstein, P. (1996). The science of composting. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
Gautam, R., Baral, S., & Herat, S. (2009). Biogas as a sustainable energy source in Nepal: Present status and future challenges. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13(1), 248–252.
Global water supply and sanitation assessment 2000 report. World Health Organization (WHO), and UNICEF. 2000.
Hajinezhad, A., Halimehjani, E., & Tahani, M. (2016). Utilization of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) from urban waste as an alternative fuel for cement factory: A case study. International Journal of renewable Energy Research, 6(2), 702–714.
He, P. J. (2010). Anaerobic digestion: An intriguing long history in China. Waste Management, 30(4), 549–550.
Huber, J. T., Foldager, J., & Smith, N. E. (1979). Nitrogen distribution in corn silage treated with varying levels of ammonia. Journal of Animal Science, 48(6), 1509–1515.
Indian Government. (2007). Ministry of new and renewable energy press release: Family type bio-gas plants crosses 39.70 lakh. http://mnes.nic.in/press-releases/press-release-23112007-2.pdf. Accessed 20 August 2016.
Kara, M., Günay E., Tabak, Y., Yıldız, Ş., & Enç, V. O. (2008). The usage of refuse derived fuel from urban solid waste in cement industry as an alternative fuel.In: The 6th IASME/WSEAS International Conference on Innovation Heat Transfer, Thermal Engineering and Environment (HTE’08).
Keller, J. (2001). The importance of rural development in the 21st-century: persistence, sustainability and futures. The future of Australia’s country towns pp 19–31.
Metcalf and Eddy. (1979). Wastewater engineering: Collection, treatment, disposal. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Meunchang, S., Panichsakpatana, S., & Weaver, R. (2005). Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse; by-products from a sugar mill. Bioresource Technology, 96(4), 437–442.
Nakhla, D. (2014). Achieving enviromental sustainability of sugarcane industry in Egyt: An application of life cycle cost assessment (Ph.D. Thesis). The American University in Cairo.
Nijaguna, B. T. (2006) Biogas technology. New Age International.
Omer, A. M., & Fadalla, Y. (2003). Biogas energy technology in Sudan. Renewable Energy, 28, 499–507.
Rajendran, K., Aslanzadeh, S., & Taherzadeh, M. (2012). Household biogas digesters-a review. Energies, 5, 2911–2942.
Ramatsa, M. I., Esther, T. A., Daniel, M. M., & Robert, H. (2014). Design of the bio-digester for biogas production: A review, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science, San Francisco.
Shahat, F. (2016) Investigating the use of solid waste as alternative fuels in Egypt (Master Thesis). The Americn University in Cairo.
Shehata, S. M., El Shimi, S. A., Elkattan, M. H., Ali, B. E., El-Housseini, M., El Sayad, S. A., et al. (2004). Integrated waste management for rural development in Egypt. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 39(2), 341–349.
The Economic Impact of Inadequate Sanitation in India. (2006). Water and sanitation program world-bank. https://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/wsp-esi-india.pdf. Accessed 27 August 2016.
The Ministry of Environment warms buring of agricultural waste during rainfall season, online newspaper Egypt news, http://www.egynews.net/706923 (2015). Accessed 27 August 2016.
Waterways transformed into garbage dump sites. Al Ahram, newspaper http://www.ahram.org.eg/NewsPrint/221106.aspx (2013). Accessed 27 August 2016.
WHO. (2008). Safer water, better health. cost, benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health.
World Bank to i mprove sanitation for poorest. The New Economy, online newspaper, Egyptians http://www.theneweconomy.com/strategy/world-bank-to-improve-sanitation-for-poorest-egyptians (2015). Accessed 27 August 2016.
Zaki, T., & Khayal, A. (2010). Country report on the solid waste management in Egypt. The regional solid waste exchange of information and expertise network in Mashreq and Maghreb countries.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
El-Haggar, S., Samaha, A. (2019). Sustainable Rural Community. In: Roadmap for Global Sustainability — Rise of the Green Communities. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14584-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14584-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14583-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14584-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)