Social Relationships

Beardmore, Carol

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-14552-1_4

Carol Beardmore⁶

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance ((PSHF))

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Abstract

This chapter will concentrate on the social relationships within the estate particularly with those who could not be controlled through access to politics and the vote. It takes up the narrative of the tensions created by the estate’s decision to veer away from traditional customary expectations. Rural unrest was never far away, and the ownership of timber remained a contested area. The Swing Riots illustrated what might happen when abject poverty became untenable. Although there is a wide historiography on these riots, a local estate study still adds another layer to our knowledge.

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Notes

1.
P. Horn (1980) The Rural World 1750–1850: Social Change in the English Countryside (London: Hutchinson), p. 225.
2.
See, F. M. L. Thompson (1981) ‘Landowners and the Rural Community’ in G. E. Mingay, The Victorian Countryside Vol 1I (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul), pp. 457–458.
3.
See C. Griffin (2012) The Rural War: Captain Swing and the Politics of Protest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
4.
Quoted in E. L. Jones (2018) Landed Estates and Rural Inequality in British History: From the Mid-Seventeenth Century to the Present (London: Springer International), pp. 40–41.
5.
R. A. Houston (2014) Peasant Petitions: Social Relations and Economic Life on Landed Estates, 1600–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 12.
6.
See for example, G. E. Mingay (ed.) (1981) The Victorian Countryside Vols. I &. II (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul); G. E. Mingay (1977) Rural Life in Victorian England (London: Heinemann) and G. E. Mingay (1989) The Rural Idyll (London: Routledge).
7.
Houston Peasant Petitions, p. 10.
8.
A. Howkins (1992) ‘The English Farm Labourer in the Nineteenth Century: Farm, Family and Community’ in B. Short, (ed), The English Rural Community: Image and Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 85.
9.
J. Burchardt (2002) Paradise Lost: Rural Idyll and Social Change in England Since 1800 (London and New York: L.B. Tauris), p. 1.
10.
See T. Sokoll (2001), Essex Pauper Letters 1731–1837 (Oxford: Oxford University Press) and S. King (2019) Writing the Lives of the English Poor, 1750s–1830s (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press).
11.
W. Marshall (1804) On the Landed Property of England: An Elementary and Practical Treatise (London: G. and W. Nicol; O. and J. Robinson; R. Faulder; Longman and Rees; Cadell and Davies; and J. Hatchard), p. 354.
12.
Ibid., p. 397.
13.
Lady Day is the 25 March and Michaelmas 29 September.
14.
DHC, D/ANG/B4/4/37, Estate Vouchers for 1816/1817.
15.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/16, 23 December 1814.
16.
DHC, D/ANG/B4/4/67, Estate Vouchers 1844.
17.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/44, 11 October 1832.
18.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/25, 21 October 1819.
19.
Ibid.
20.
Ibid., 9 November 1819.
21.
Ibid.
22.
D. R. Hainsworth (1992) Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and His World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 109.
23.
J. Lockhart Morton (1858) The Resources of Estates: Being a Treatise on The Agricultural Improvement and General Management of Landed Property (London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts), p. 22.
24.
Ibid.
25.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/15, 14 June 1815.
26.
See C. Griffin (2008) ‘Protest Practice and (tree) Cultures of Conflict: Understanding the Spaces of ‘Tree Maiming’ in Eighteenth- and Early Nineteenth-Century England’, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33:1, pp. 91–108.
27.
For an overview of the Black Act and its impact, See E. P. Thompson (1975) Whigs and Hunters: The Origins of the Black Act (London: Allen Lane).
28.
T. Shakesheff (2003) Rural Conflict, Crime and Protest: Herefordshire, 1800 to 1860 (Woodbridge: Boydell Press), p. 114.
29.
Ibid., p. 117.
30.
Griffin, ‘Protest Practice and (tree) Cultures of Conflict’, p. 95.
31.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/15, 27 July 1814.
32.
Ibid., 2 August 1814.
33.
Lockhart Morton The Resources of Estates, p. 349.
34.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/15, 13 August 1814.
35.
Ibid.
36.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/17, 22 May 1815.
37.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/23, 6 June 1818.
38.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/31, 18 April 1922.
39.
C. Griffin (2014) Protest, Politics and Work in Rural England, 1700–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan), p. 52.
40.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/25, 18 January 1819.
41.
Ibid., 15 October 1819.
42.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/61, 15 April 1844.
43.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/38, 14 February 1827.
44.
See, E. P. Thomson (1971) ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present, 50, p. 78.
45.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/38, 12 February 1827.
46.
Ibid., 16 February 1827.
47.
Ibid., 12 February 1827.
48.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/51, 1 January 1837.
49.
The State of the Country: Sir Robert Peel’s Speech in the House of Commons, Feb. 17, 1843 (London: W. E. Painter, Church and State Gazette Office), p. 7.
50.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/60, 18 April 1843.
51.
Although this list is not exhaustive see for example, E. Hobsbawm and G. Rudé (1960) Captain Swing (London: Phoenix Press); Griffin, The Rural War; P. Jones (2009) ‘Finding Captain Swing: Protest, Parish Relations, and the State of the Public Mind in 1830’, International Review of Social History 54:3, pp. 429–458; P. Jones (2007) ‘Swing, Speenhamland and Rural Social Relations: ‘The Moral Economy’ of the English Crowd in the Nineteenth Century’ Social History, 32:2, pp. 271–290; A. Randall (2009) ‘Captain Swing: A Retrospect’ International Review of Social History, 54:3, pp. 419–427 and C. Griffin (2014) Protest, Politics and Work in Rural England, 1700–1850 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). For the full extent of Swing see K. Navickas (2011) ‘Captain Swing in the North: The Carlisle Riots of 1830 History Workshop Journal, 70:1, pp. 5–28.
52.
Jones, ‘Finding Captain Swing’, p. 429.
53.
Ibid., p. 430.
54.
Navickas, ‘Captain Swing in the North’, p. 5.
55.
Ibid., p. 7.
56.
Jones, ‘Finding Captain Swing’, p. 434.
57.
J. E. Archer (2000) Social Unrest and Popular Protest in England 1780–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University).
58.
Leicester Chronicle, Saturday, 22 November 1822.
59.
Ibid.
60.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/31, 30 October 1922.
61.
Ibid.
62.
Hobsbawm and Rudé, Captain Swing, p. 12.
63.
See I. Dyck (1992) William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 152, and Griffin, The Rural War, pp. 67–69.
64.
D. Kent (1997) Popular Radicalism and the Swing Riots in Central Hampshire (Winchester: Hampshire Papers Series), p. 1.
65.
P. Jones (2007) ‘Swing, Speenhamland and Rural Social Relations: ‘The Moral Economy’ of the English Crowd in the Nineteenth Century’ in Social History, 32:2, p. 274.
66.
See DHC, D/ANG/B5/42, Letter from the Rev. Mason, 7 December 1830.
67.
R. Wells (1988) ‘Tolpuddle in the Context of the English Agrarian Labour History, 1780–1859’ in J. Rule, (ed), British Trade Unionism 1750–1850: The Formative Years (Harlow: Longman), pp. 118–119.
68.
J. L. Hammond and B. Hammond (1912) The Village Labourer 1760–1832 (London: Longman, Green, and Co.), p. 245.
69.
Ibid., p. 245.
70.
J. Burnette, ‘The Seasonality of English Agricultural Employment: Evidence from Farm Accounts, 1740–1850’ in R. W. Hoyle, (ed.), The Farmer in England 1650–1980 (Farnham, 2013), p. 157.
71.
Griffin, The Rural War, pp. 67–69.
72.
S. Williams Poverty, Gender and the Life-Cycle Under the English Poor Law, 1760–1834 (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer), p. 99.
73.
K. P. Bawn (1984) Social Protest, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Dorset, 1790–1838 unpublished thesis, University of Reading, p. 158
74.
M. J. Daunton (1995) Progress and Poverty: An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 427.
75.
D/ANG/B5/41, 6 April 1829 to which is attached a clipping from the Morning Journal.
76.
Bath Chronicle and Weekly Gazette, 16 April 1829.
77.
See, C. A. Beardmore (2016) ‘William Castleman and Sons: Agents to the Marquis of Anglesey 1814–1854’ in C. A. Beardmore, S. A. King and G. L. Monks, The Land Agent in Britain: Past, Present and Future (Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars), pp. 87–106.
78.
The Sherborne Mercury, 6 December 1830.
79.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/42, 25 November 1830.
80.
Quoted in Beardmore, ‘William Castleman and Sons’, p. 103.
81.
DHC, D/ANG/B4/54 Estate vouchers for 1831.
82.
It should be noted that the correspondence dealing with the Swing riots are dated 2 December 1830, but Irene Jones in The Stalbridge Inheritance states that the incident at Stalbridge took place on 29 November 1830.
83.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/42, 2 December 1830.
84.
Ibid., 4 December 1830.
85.
Ibid.
86.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/42, 2 December 1830.
87.
Ibid., 12 December 1830, minutes of the minute held at Uxbridge House.
88.
Ibid., 7 December 1830.
89.
Ibid., 12 December 1830, minutes of the minute held at Uxbridge House.
90.
Ibid.
91.
I. Jones, The Stalbridge Inheritance 1780–1854 (Dorchester: Friary Press, 1993), p. 80.
92.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/53.
93.
The Morning Chronicle 14 January 1831.
94.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/53.
95.
See set up rates for threshing machines in Chap. 3.
96.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/42, 11 December 1830.
97.
Hobsbawm and Rudé, Captain Swing, p. 283 and Griffin, The Rural War, pp. 295–296.
98.
Hobsbawm and Rudé, Captain Swing, p. 283.
99.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/48, 17 June 1835.
100.
Ibid, 22 July 1835.
101.
The Morning Chronicle, 20 September 1837.
102.
Houston Peasant Petitions, p. 10.
103.
See for example: Mingay, Rural Life in Victorian England; J. Thirsk (ed.) (1989) The Agrarian History of England and Wales VI 1750–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press); Mingay, The Victorian Countryside Vols. 1& 2 and Horn, The Rural World 1750–1850.
104.
See for example: R. A. C. Parker (1975) Coke of Norfolk: A Financial and Agricultural Study 1707–1842 (Oxford: Oxford University Press), S. Wade Martins (1980) A Great Estate at Work: The Holkham Estate and Its Inhabitants in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) and J. Wordie, (1982) Estate Management in Eighteenth Century England: The Building of the Leveson-Gower Fortune (Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer).
105.
Houston, Peasant Petitions.
106.
Jones, Landed Estates and Rural Inequality in British History, p. 35.
107.
Ibid.
108.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/75, 23 October 1826.
109.
Jones, Landed Estates and Rural Inequality in British History, p. 75.
110.
T. W. Beastall (1981) ‘Landlords and Tenants’, in G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside Vol. II (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), p. 437.
111.
R. Brown (1869) The Book of the Landed Estate (Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood and Sons), p. 86.
112.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/48, Copies and extracts of correspondence between Mr. Yeatman and William Castleman. There is a considerable amount of correspondence between these two men and Yeatman had a reputation for being difficult.
113.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/61, 4 January 1844.
114.
Ibid., 2 January 1844.
115.
Ibid., 5 January 1844.
116.
Ibid., 24 January 1844.
117.
Ibid., 22 January 1844.
118.
Ibid., 12 January 1844.
119.
Ibid., 20 January 1844.
120.
Ibid., 29 December 1844.
121.
Ibid., 29 December 1844.
122.
Lord Ernle (1919) English Farming Past and Present, 2nd ed. (London: Longmans Green & Co), p. 285.
123.
E. Laurence (1743) The Duty and Office of a Land Steward (London: J. and P. Knapton, T. Longman, H. Lintot, and J. and H. Pemberton), p. 123.
124.
J. Lawrence (1806) The Modern Land Steward (London: H. D. Symons, T. Ostell and W. J. and J. Richardson), p. 310.
125.
Ibid.
126.
Ibid.
127.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/44, 20 October 1832.
128.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/48, 18 April 1836.
129.
Ibid.
130.
Ibid.
131.
E. Richards (1981) ‘The Land Agent’ G. E. Mingay (ed.), The Victorian Countryside Vol. II (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), p. 440.
132.
See Jones, Landed Estates and Rural Inequality in British History, particularly chapter 5 ‘Road Capture’.
133.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/61, 9 February 1844.
134.
The statement is undated but filed in DHC, D/ANG/B5/61.
135.
DHC, D/ANG/B5/61, 14 August 1844.

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University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Carol Beardmore

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Beardmore, C. (2019). Social Relationships. In: Financing the Landed Estate. Palgrave Studies in the History of Finance. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14552-1_4

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14552-1_4
Published: 11 May 2019
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