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The Science of the Commons pp 35–83Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

A Financial Ideology

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Abstract

The epistemological problems of the communicational field and the insufficiency of the informational paradigm adopted for the American sociological school of communication research. The European field of communication studies in the sphere of structural semiology. Cognitive dispersion in Brazil. Mediatization as a concept for a new form of life.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    It is necessary to highly stress that we refer here to a reality present in the current financial structure of the center of global capitalism, where criticism of political economy—therefore, an analysis of the social totality and not of economic partiality traditionally practiced by economic thinkers (conservative or liberal)—is not seen as necessary, a criticism alert to problems such as effective political institutions, economic environments capable of stimulating innovation, efficient capital markets, and quality education. Naturally, there are exceptions (currently, Paul Krugman is one of them). In Latin America, this line of thinking, amplified by the question of autonomous national development, was addressed by names such as Raul Prebisch, Celso Furtado, Eugenio Gudin, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Paulo Singer, Ignácio Rangel, Antonio Barros de Castro, Carlos Lessa, and others.

  2. 2.

    Foucault (1966, p. 456).

  3. 3.

    It is called SAMBA, Stochastic Analytical Model with a Bayesian Approach, or rather, an “intelligent guess,” based on rational expectations (based on the work of nineteenth-century English mathematician Thomas Bayes) regarding the possibility of random variables in economic function.

  4. 4.

    In truth, the technical practice is capable of dispensing with science in many cases. For example, the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were based on arithmetical, astronomical, and geometrical knowledge which had already been surpassed by British mathematicians, but were still successfully carried out. In modern times, even a mistaken science (such as that of Lysenko’s “genetics” in Stalin’s Russia) can culminate in some practical results, exemplified by some of Lysenko’s techniques for increasing harvest productivity.

  5. 5.

    Cf. Carcanholo (2010).

  6. 6.

    Marx (2011, p. 193).

  7. 7.

    Polanyi (2012, p. 10).

  8. 8.

    Braga (1997, p. 196).

  9. 9.

    Veríssimo, Luis Fernando. In O Globo, 23/8/2012.

  10. 10.

    Wilden (2001). Translated into English from Portuguese version.

  11. 11.

    Weber (1972, pp. 80–81).

  12. 12.

    Cf. Paiva (2011).

  13. 13.

    Ibidem.

  14. 14.

    Cf. Jay (2009, p. 285).

  15. 15.

    Wolton (2006, p. 49).

  16. 16.

    Cf. Nisbet (1984, pp. 17–23).

  17. 17.

    The use of metaphor to cope with complex theories is frequent among various scientific fields, but is particularly evident in the theories of communication.

  18. 18.

    Vide Klapper (1960). Lazarsfeld’s disciple, Klapper, summarizes the perspective and terminology of the theory of minimal effects in this volume.

  19. 19.

    Cf. Lazarsfeld et al. (1944).

  20. 20.

    Cf. Meditsch (July/December 2010).

  21. 21.

    Vide Neuman and Guggenheim (2011, pp. 169–196).

  22. 22.

    Evidently, other classifications can be made, but these are bibliometrically supported, according to Neuman and Guggenheim, on the Institute for Scientific Information’s database, which contains more than three million citation records. In their study, the authors researched around 300 political, public opinion, social psychology, communication, health, and journalism magazines as well as a group of 20,736 articles published over a period of 50 years.

  23. 23.

    Baudrillard (1978, p. 10).

  24. 24.

    Zylberberg (1986, p. 16).

  25. 25.

    Jeudy (1997, p. 152).

  26. 26.

    Descombes (1979, p. 114).

  27. 27.

    Boltanski and Chiapello (1999 and 2011, p. 610).

  28. 28.

    Baudrillard (1999, p. 69).

  29. 29.

    Calhoun (January/June 2012, p. 294).

  30. 30.

    Vattimo (2003, p. 26).

  31. 31.

    Benjamin (1993, p. 147). Cf. Rouanet (1981, p. 71).

  32. 32.

    Cf. Zang Longxi, professor from the City University of Hong Kong and renowned specialist in cultural studies, cited in O Globo (5/25/2012).

  33. 33.

    Sloterdijk (2011, p. 115).

  34. 34.

    In the case of communication, there are many seminal ideas produced beyond the academic sphere or little recognized in university circles molded by the self-enforced requirements of method and empiricism. Jean Baudrillard is a good example, but there are various others, such as Vilém Flusser, who lived 32 years in Brazil, with little intellectual recognition. Flusser was radically trans-disciplinarian.

  35. 35.

    Nisbet (1984, p. 33).

  36. 36.

    Chardin (1962, p. 362).

  37. 37.

    McLuhan (1979).

  38. 38.

    Authors or professors such as Philippe Breton, Daniel Dayan, Daniel Bougnoux, Dominique Wolton, Louis Queré, Lucien Sfez, M. Souchon, Bernard Miège, F. Balle, Y. Winkin, and many others began to progressively occupy the communicational phenomenon, always with a sociological perspective. In Spain, authors such as Gonzalo Abril, Antonio Gutierrez, Fernando Contreras, and others approached more than one communicational perspective.

  39. 39.

    The Interdisciplinary Society of Communication Studies (Intercom) practically became a special of multinational organization in the area, with annual conferences which sometimes united more than five thousand people.

  40. 40.

    Cf. Meditsch (July/December 2010, p. 34).

  41. 41.

    Baudrillard (1976, p. 51).

  42. 42.

    Cf. journal Le Monde, 3/1/2013, p. 19.

  43. 43.

    This may reach the level of pathetic, as occurs in psychoanalytic societies (the Lacan ian faction frequently assumes cult status) or as in groups concerned with the philosophical exegesis of Gilles Deleuze.

  44. 44.

    The promising beginning of CIESPAL did not lead to the continuity of this agency, perhaps for its overly close connection to the Ecuadorean State. FELAFACS (The American Federation of Schools of Communication) arose a decade later in Lima (Peru), searching to remediate the theoretical insufficiency of CIESPAL. It managed to edit a prestigious magazine, but has lost impetus since the beginning of this century.

  45. 45.

    For example, some texts from the Frenchman, Pierre Lèvy.

  46. 46.

    Coutinho (1981, p. 82).

  47. 47.

    Laval (2003, p. 73).

  48. 48.

    It may be productive to examine, in light of this ideology, the deadlocked debates from the end of the last century between the defenders and detractors of the journalism diploma. If, for some defenders, the diploma is justified by the spirit of the old academic spirit, for the detractors it would be anachronistic or unnecessary given the hegemonic “competence.” It is true that the concept of “professionalism” (deontological ballast of the “professional journalism” category) seems inadequate to contemporary work conditions, and it is also true that the very identity of journalism appears threatened, but it is necessary to consider the regional or national differences. In the specific case of Brazil, the detractors, whether with technophilic or other motivations, forget or ignore the political status of the diploma as a resource of resistance to employer discretion.

  49. 49.

    Laval (2003, p. 146).

  50. 50.

    But it is true that one finds, among the great names of contemporary psychoanalysis, those who claim the statute of full science for this field of knowledge, for example, the German psychoanalyst Alfred Lorenzer.

  51. 51.

    Berthelot (1986, p. 193).

  52. 52.

    Cf. Stanfill (2012). Translated into English from Portuguese version.

  53. 53.

    Ibidem.

  54. 54.

    Cf. Wolton (1997, p. 68).

  55. 55.

    Cohn (2011, p. 225).

  56. 56.

    Jeudy (1997, p. 151).

  57. 57.

    Signates (1998, pp. 37–49).

  58. 58.

    Ibidem.

  59. 59.

    Cf. Sodré (2002).

  60. 60.

    The Media Ecology Association was founded in 1998 in the USA.

  61. 61.

    Wilden (2001). Translated into English from Portuguese version.

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    Muniz Sodré

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Sodré, M. (2019). A Financial Ideology. In: The Science of the Commons. Global Transformations in Media and Communication Research - A Palgrave and IAMCR Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14497-5_3

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