Abstract
As early as 1815, the English chemist William Prout suspected on the basis of existing measurements of atomic masses that all atoms are built up of hydrogen atoms (Prout’s hypothesis).
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Notes
- 1.
The \(3 \times 3\) matrices \(\lambda _\alpha \) form a 3-dimensional representation of the Lie algebra of SU(3) in a basis suitable for particle physics. This Lie algebra is characterised by the structure constants \(f_{\alpha \beta \gamma }\,(\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma = 1,\ldots ,8)\) in (8.4).
- 2.
M. Gell-Mann: “It’s all symmetries!”, private communication at a Viennese Heurigen, Sept. 2011.
- 3.
Since the discovery of asymptotic freedom at the latest, particle physicists are aware that coupling constants are not constants in the usual sense but depend on energy. Nevertheless, the names coupling constant, fine-structure constant, etc. are still being used.
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Ecker, G. (2019). Quantum Chromodynamics: Quantum Field Theory of the Strong Interaction. In: Particles, Fields, Quanta. Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14479-1_8
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