The Rise and Fall of Peacebuilding in the Balkans pp 173-202 | Cite as
Local Views: Scepticism Towards Europe and Its Consequences
- 229 Downloads
Abstract
This chapter considers Western Balkan citizens, whose critical, Eurosceptic views are frequently neglected in the analysis of EU enlargement processes. After a brief discussion of what is meant by Euroscepticism, it provides some evidence of its growth in the region and it offers an account of the main reasons for this trend. Finally, it examines the consequences of the rise of Euroscepticism. While there are no short-term, realistic alternatives to further integration into the EU, other options—most importantly developing closer ties with Russia—are increasingly debated locally. Overall, growing levels of Euroscepticism reflect frustration with the EU’s real and perceived failures to meet citizens’ expectations, rather than a radical rejection of the institutions and principles underpinning liberal peacebuilding and the process of European integration.
Keywords
Euroscepticism Geopolitics RussiaReferences
- Anderson, S. J. (1998). When in doubt, use proxies: Attitudes towards domestic politics and support for European integration. Comparative Political Studies, 31(5), 569–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ashbrook, J. E. (2010). Croatia, euroskepticism, and the identity politics of EU enlargement. Problems of Post-Communism, 57(3), 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Assenova, M. (2014). Southeast Europe: Reactions to the crisis in Ukraine. Eurasia Daily Monitor, 11(49). http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42094&no_cache=1#.VNyPX_0Q4go. Accessed 5 December 2016.
- Balfour, R., & Stratulat, C. (Eds.). (2015). EU member states and enlargement towards the Balkans. Brussels: European Policy Centre.Google Scholar
- Balkan Insight. (2014, February 14). Protests show Bosnia-Herzegovina needs to dissolve, Dodik says. http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/dodik-blaims-international-community-for-Bosnia-Herzegovinan-protests.
- Bandović, I., & Vujačić, M. (2014). The European question in Serbia’s party politics. In C. Stratulat (Ed.), European integration and party politics in the Balkans (pp. 47–67). Brussels: European Policy Centre.Google Scholar
- Barnett, M. (2016). Peacebuilding and paternalism. In T. Debiel, T. Held, & U. Schneckener (Eds.), Peacebuilding in crisis: Rethinking paradigms and practices of transnational cooperation (pp. 23–40). Abingdon and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bartlett, W. (2015). The political economy of accession: Forming economically viable member states. In S. Keil & Z. Arkan (Eds.), The EU and member state building: European foreign policy in the Western Balkans (pp. 209–232). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Bartlett, W., & Prica, I. (2012). The variable impact of the global economic crisis in south east Europe. London: LSEE.Google Scholar
- Bechev, D. (2012). The periphery of the periphery: The Western Balkans and the EURO crisis. Brussels: European Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
- Bechev, D. (2017). Rival power: Russia in Southeast Europe. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Belloni, R. (2014). L’euroscepticisme croissant des Balkans occidentaux. La Revue Nouvelle, 6–7, 18–23.Google Scholar
- Belloni, R., Kappler, S., & Ramović, J. (2016). Bosnia-Herzegovina: Domestic agency and the inadequacy of the liberal peace. In O. P. Richmond & S. Pogodda (Eds.), Post-liberal peace transitions: Between peace formation and state formation (pp. 47–64). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
- Bieber, F., & Ristić, I. (2012). Constrained democracy: The consolidation of democracy in Yugoslav successor states. Southeastern Europe, 36(3), 373–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Börzel, T. A. (2013). When Europeanization hits limited statehood: The Western Balkans as the test case for the transformative power of Europe. In A. Elbasani (Ed.), European integration and transformation in the Western Balkans. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Bougarel, X. (2005). Islam balkanique et intégration européenne. In R. Leveau & K. Mohsen-Finan (Eds.), Musulmans de France et d’Europe (pp. 21–48). Paris: CNRS Éditions.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Buden, B. (2015). Children of post-communism. In S. Horvat & I. Štiks (Eds.), Welcome to the desert of post-socialism: Radical politics after Yugoslavia (pp. 123–139). London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar
- Center for Democracy and Human Rights. (2014, December). National study/Montenegro. Podgorica.Google Scholar
- Chandler, D. (2010). The EU and South-Eastern Europe: The rise of post-liberal governance. Third World Quarterly, 31(1), 69–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Clements, B., Nanou, K., & Verney, S. (2014). ‘We no longer love you, but we don’t want to leave you’: The eurozone crisis and popular euroscepticism in Greece. Journal of European Integration, 36(3), 247–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cocco, E. (2017). Where is the European frontier? The Balkan migration crisis and tis impact on relations between the EU and the Western Balkans. European View, 16(2), 293–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cohen, L. J., & Lampe, J. R. (2011). Embracing democracy in the Western Balkans. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.Google Scholar
- Council of the European Union. (2006, June 15–16). Presidency conclusions—Brussels European Council. 16879/06.Google Scholar
- Council of the European Union. (2013, December 5). Council amends EU visa rules. Brussels, 17328/13.Google Scholar
- Crowley, S., & Stanojević, M. (2011). Varieties of capitalism, power resources, and historical legacies: Explaining the Slovenian exception. Politics & Society, 39(2), 268–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Economides, S., & Ker-Lindsay, J. (2015). Pre-accession Europeanization: The case of Serbia and Kosovo. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(5), 1027–1044.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gabel, M. J. (1998). Public support for European integration: An empirical test of five theories. The Journal of Politics, 60(2), 333–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Galeotti, M. (2018). Do the Western Balkans face a coming Russian storm? Brussels: European Council on Foreign Relations, ECFR/250.Google Scholar
- Gallup Balkan Monitor. (2010). Survey reports. http://www.balkan-monitor.eu/index.php/reports.
- Gilbert, M. (2008). Narrating the process: Questioning the progressive story of European integration. Journal of Common Market Studies, 46(3), 641–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Grabbe, H. (2014). Six lessons of enlargement ten years on: The EU’s transformative power in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Common Market Studies, 52(Issue Supplement S1), 40–56.Google Scholar
- Greenberg, J. (2014). After the revolution: Youth, democracy, and the politics of disappointment in Serbia. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Hillion, C. (2010). The creeping nationalisation of the EU enlargement policy (SIEPS Report 6). Stockholm: Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies.Google Scholar
- Hobson, J. M. (2012). The Eurocentric conception of world politics: Western international theory, 1760–2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Hooge, L., & Marks, G. (2004). Does identity or economic rationality drive public opinion on European integration? PS, 37(3), 415–420.Google Scholar
- Horvat, S., & Štiks, I. (Eds.). (2015). Welcome to the desert of post-socialism: Radical politics after Yugoslavia. London and New York: Verso.Google Scholar
- Içener, E., & Phinnemore, D. (2015). Building on experience? EU enlargement and the Western Balkans. In S. Keil & Z. Arkan (Eds.), The EU and member state building: European foreign policy in the Western Balkans (pp. 32–54). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Ilić, I., & Radosavljević, Z. (2014, May 4). Croatia’s economy sends troubling message to neighbouring EU wannabes. Reuters.Google Scholar
- IRI (International Republican Institute). (2017). Bosnia and Herzegovina: Attitudes on violent extremism and foreign influence. Washington, DC: Center for Insights in Survey Research.Google Scholar
- Jović, D. (2018). Accession to the European Union and perception of external actors in the Western Balkans. Croatian International Relations Review, 24(83), 6–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Keil, S. (Ed.). (2013). State-building in the Western Balkans: European approaches to democratization. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Kiossev, A. (1999). Notes on self-colonising cultures. In B. Pejić & D. Elliot (Eds.), After the wall: Art and culture in post-communist Europe (pp. 114–117). Stockholm: Moderna Museet.Google Scholar
- Kirn, G. (2019). Maribor’s social uprising in the European crisis: From antipolitics of people to politicisation of periphery’s surplus population. In F. Bieber & D. Trentin (Eds.), Social movements in the Balkans: Rebellion and protest from Maribor to Taksim (pp. 30–47). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Kitsantonis, N. (2018, June 17). FYROM and Greece sign historic deal on name change. The New York Times.Google Scholar
- Klinke, I. (2015). European integration studies and the European Union’s gaze. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 43(2), 567–583.Google Scholar
- Konitzer, A. (2014). Croatia’s party system—From Tuđmanism to EU membership. In C. Stratulat (Ed.), EU integration and party politics in the Balkans (pp. 13–29). Brussels: European Policy Centre.Google Scholar
- Krašovec, A., & Ramet, S. P. (2017). Liberal democracy in Slovenia: From seventh heaven to the lobby of hell in only two decades? In S. P. Ramet, C. M. Hassenstab, & O. Listhaug (Eds.), Building democracy in the Yugoslav successor states: Accomplishments, setbacks, and challenges since 1990 (pp. 257–285). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Kuhar, R. (2011). Resisting change: Same-sex partnership policy debates in Croatia and Slovenia. Südosteuropa, 59(1), 25–49.Google Scholar
- Lasheras, F. (2016). Return to instability: How migration and great power politics threaten the Western Balkans. Brussels: European Council on Foreign Relations.Google Scholar
- Lis, J. A. (2014). Anti-western theology in Greece and Serbia today. In A. Krawchuk & T. Bremer (Eds.), Eastern orthodox encounters of identity and otherness (pp. 159–168). New York: Palgrave.Google Scholar
- Mac Ginty, R. (2012). Between resistance and compliance: Non-participation and the liberal peace. Journal of International and Statebuilding, 6(3), 167–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mac Ginty, R. (2018). The limits of technocracy and local encounters: The European Union and peacebuilding. Contemporary Security Policy, 39(1), 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Mac Ginty, R., & Richmond, O. P. (2013). The local turn in peacebuilding: A critical agenda for peace. Third World Quarterly, 34(5), 763–783.Google Scholar
- Makrides, V. N. (2009). Orthodox anti-westernism today: A hindrance to European integration. International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church, 9(3), 209–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Makrides, V. N. (2014). ‘The barbarian West:’ A form of orthodox Christian anti-western critique. In A. Krawchuk & T. Bremer (Eds.), Eastern orthodox encounters of identity and otherness (pp. 141–158). New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Maldini, P., & Pauković, D. (Eds.). (2015). Croatia and the European Union: Changes and development. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar
- Marić, S. (2014). Serbia. In Institut für Europäische Politik (Ed.), EU-28 Watch, no. 10.Google Scholar
- Michas, T. (2002). Unholy alliance: Greece and Milosevic’s Serbia. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
- Milevska, T. (2013, December 19). FYROM’s ethnic albanians lose patience over EU accession talks. EurActiv. http://www.euractiv.com/section/enlargement/news/FYROM-s-ethnic-albanians-lose-patience-over-eu-accession-talks/.
- Obradović-Wochnik, J., & Wochnik, A. (2012). Europeanising the ‘Kosovo question’: Serbia’s policies in the context of EU integration. West European Politics, 35(5), 1158–1181.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Olteanu, T., & de Nève, D. (2014). Eastern orthodoxy and the processes of European integration. In A. Krawchuk & T. Bremer (Eds.), Eastern European encounters of identity and otherness (pp. 179–206). New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Palmberger, M. (2008). Nostalgia matters: Nostalgia for Yugoslavia as potential vision for a better future. Sociologija, 50(4), 355–370.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Petkovski, L. (2014). FYROM. In Institut für Europäische Politik (Ed.), EU-28 Watch, no. 10.Google Scholar
- Petrović, T. (Ed.). (2014). Mirroring Europe: Ideas of Europe and Europeanization in Balkan societies. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
- Petrushinin, A. (2016, March 11). In Montenegro, the emperor has no clothes. Financial Times.Google Scholar
- Radeljić, B. (2014). The politics of (no) alternatives in post-Milosević Serbia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 16(2), 243–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Radio Free Europe. (2014, October 16). Putin vows to support Serbia on Kosovo (Resource document). https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-serbia-putin-us-criticism-belgrade/26640165.html. Accessed 14 March 2018.
- Regional Cooperation Council. (2015). Balkan barometer: Public opinion survey. Sarajevo: Regional Cooperation Council Secretariat.Google Scholar
- Regional Cooperation Council. (2018). Balkan barometer: Public opinion survey. Sarajevo: Regional Cooperation Council Secretariat.Google Scholar
- Rucker-Chang, S. (2014). The Turkish connection: Neo-Ottoman influence in Post-Dayton Bosnia. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 34(2), 152–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Russian Federation. (2013). Concept of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation (Resource document). http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/0/76389FEC168189ED44257B2E0039B16D. Accessed 5 December 2016.
- Sabaratnam, M. (2014). Avatars of eurocentrism in the critique of the liberal peace. Security Dialogue, 44(3), 259–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Sánchez-Cuenca, I. (2000). The political basis of support for European institutions. European Union Politics, 1(2), 147–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schimmelfennig, F., & Sedelmeier, U. (Eds.). (2005). The Europeanization of central and Eastern Europe. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
- Serra, M. (2015, January 27). Reshaping the Balkans: Soft power after ‘rubble diplomacy’ (Resource document). Aspenia Online. https://www.aspeninstitute.it/aspenia-online/article/reshaping-balkans-soft-power-after-%E2%80%9Cruble-diplomacy%E2%80%9D. Accessed 5 December 2016.
- Shlapentokh, D. (2013). The death of Byzantine empire and the construction of historical/political identities in late Putin Russia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 15(1), 69–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Šoštarić, M. (2011, September 12). From Zagreb with love: On the bounded rationality of euroscepticism and europhilia in Croatia. Balkan Analysis.Google Scholar
- Stacey, K., & Oliver, C. (2014, April 15). William Hague warns against ‘creeping oligarchisation’ of Balkans. Financial Times.Google Scholar
- Stahl, B. (2011). Perverted conditionality: The stabilisation and association agreement between the European Union and Serbia. European Foreign Affairs Review, 16(4), 465–487.Google Scholar
- Stubbs, P. (2012). Networks, organizations, movements: Narratives and shapes of three waves of activism in Croatia. Polemos, 15(2), 11–32.Google Scholar
- Subotić, J. (2011). Europe is a state of mind: Identity and Europeanization in the Balkans. International Studies Quarterly, 55(2), 309–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Taggart, P., & Szczerbiak, A. (2002). The party politics of euroscepticism in EU member and candidate states. Opposing Europe Research Network (Working Paper No. 6). http://www.sussex.ac.uk/sei/research/europeanpartieselectionsreferendumsnetwork/epernworkingpapers. Accessed 5 December 2016.
- Tomić, Đ. (2013). On the ‘right’ side? The radical right in the post-Yugoslav area and the Serbian case. Fascism, 2(1), 94–114.Google Scholar
- Tomović, D. (2014, August 25). Montenegro Serbs rally for Russians in Ukraine. Balkan Insight.Google Scholar
- Vankovska, B. (2014). The echo of the Ukrainian crisis in FYROM. Sudosteuropa, 62(2), 221–237.Google Scholar
- Velikonja, M. (2005). Eurosis: A critique of the new Eurocentrism. Ljubljana: Peace Institute.Google Scholar
- Velikonja, M. (2008). Titostalgia: A nostalgia for Josip Broz. Ljubljana: Peace Institute.Google Scholar
- Volčič, Z. (2005). The notion of ‘the West’ in the Serbian national imaginary. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 8(2), 155–175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Vukomanović, M. (2008). The Serbian orthodox church as a political actor in the aftermath of October 5, 2000. Politics and Religion, 1(2), 237–269.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Whitman, R. G. (2011). Normative power Europe: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Houndmills: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Zielonka, J. (2007). The quality of democracy after joining the European Union. East European Politics and Societies, 21(1), 162–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Živković, A., & Medenica, M. (2013, May 31). Balkans for the peoples of the Balkans. LeftEast. http://www.criticatac.ro/lefteast/balkans-for-the-peoples-of-the-balkans/. Accessed 5 December 2016.