Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to discuss globalization ontology through the zeitgeists of historical eras. Zeitgeist or spirit of the age study of each influential age contributes dramatically to cogent comprehension of economic, social, political, cultural, and historical backgrounds and atmospheres, which have collectively molded globalization into a stupendous phenomenon. Moreover, the paper has scrutinized the concept of globalization to see whether it is an ancient concept in a new disguise or a modern all-inclusive phenomenon. Hence, the study is mostly analytical and rests upon secondary data through library study. The originality of the study lies not only in the philosophical application of zeitgeist concept for the analysis of globalization’s nature but also in the introduction of subject matter’s initial Dismantling (to its reductionistic integral characteristics) and its subsequent Mantling (to envisage them in their holistic crystallization) as a useful complementary approach to benefit both from Reductionism and Holism perspectives for the ontological discussions of immediately sophisticated and broad-ranging phenomena. Additionally, the potential implication of the study would be its contribution in theorizing globalization as a dialectical context-related phenomenon, which will undergo future metamorphic evolution by the changes in the requisites of Times (Zeit’s) and their Spirits (Geist’s).
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Notes
- 1.
“Government economic protection for domestic producers through restrictions on foreign competitors” (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 2002: 938).
- 2.
“Particularism can be defined as a kind of global ethics that rejects either a universalizing rationalizing of its ethics or the global reach of a single set of ethical principles. It suggests that ethical claims are framed by the particularity of the communities; they decide upon what is right and good” (James 2014: ix).
- 3.
Hegel (1807: 2–3) posed his metaphor while elaborating on the ontology of “the diversity of philosophical systems” which should be assumed as “the progressive evolution of truth” rather than contradiction. Such a view makes “an organic unity” among the constituting entities of truth.
- 4.
The coinage of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis terms for the Hegelian triad is attributed to Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762–1814).
- 5.
- 6.
- 7.
African Union
- 8.
World Trade Organization
- 9.
Dismantling and Mantling processes are coined phrases to identify the authors’ ontological approach of segmenting and binding to be able to, on one hand, discuss the globalization in details based on the decades, and on the other hand, draw a holistic conclusion out of these segmented decades.
- 10.
- 11.
Note: The mentioned discourses are directly derived by the author based on their frequency by consulting Corpus of Contemporary American English; for complete list of them and their frequency, visit https://corpus.byu.edu/coca/.
- 12.
A term coined by Daniel Yergin to deal with globalization in its end state and maturity
- 13.
Coined by the author
- 14.
Note: The naming is coined by the author.
- 15.
The terms “abstract, negative, and concrete” are borrowed from Hegel’s 1807’s The Phenomenology of Spirit.
- 16.
The terms “immediate, mediate, and concrete” are borrowed from Hegel’s 1812’s Science of Logic.
- 17.
Although the KOF Index consists of economic, social, and political factors, it does not take into account environmental ones.
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Forouharfar, A. (2019). Zeitgeist Analysis of Globalization Spirit: A Philosophical Approach. In: Faghih, N. (eds) Globalization and Development. Contributions to Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14370-1_5
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