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Rhetoric in Hume and Smith

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Abstract

This chapter shows in context the differences between the theories of language and the arts of Hume and Smith. Confronting the theories of Hobbes, Locke and Hume, who considered that words correspond to ideas in the mind, Smith starts by speaking about nouns to make after an analysis of the process of abstraction. This does not mean that we have inborn ideas, but that our perception is a whole with self-organizing tendencies. From there, language progresses like the construction of machines and, the same as with machinery, it can be alienating. Besides, for Hume the standard of taste is subjective, although he makes a mental pirouette and affirms that ornamented language is more beautiful than the simple one. Smith affirms that the beauty of language comes from its simplicity and the ability to communicate the mind of the author. Finally, according to Hume, we admire a work of art when it most resembles the nature it imitates, for Smith we prefer exclusive objects that do not have an exact reflection in nature.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Rasmussen (2017).

  2. 2.

    Phillipson (2010, 127) and Ortmann and Walraevens (2015).

  3. 3.

    Addison (1854) and Burke (1909 [1757]). See Dascal (2006) and Skinner (1983).

  4. 4.

    Rae (1895, 23), see Vivenza (2001).

  5. 5.

    Smith (1983).

  6. 6.

    Stewart (1810, 44), in Smith (1980).

  7. 7.

    Herzog (2013).

  8. 8.

    Walraevens (2010).

  9. 9.

    Condillac (1746) and Rousseau (1754). See Land (1977).

  10. 10.

    Hobbes (1989).

  11. 11.

    Abizadeh (2015, 15).

  12. 12.

    Locke (1690).

  13. 13.

    De Bustos (2000, 98–102).

  14. 14.

    Berkeley (1732).

  15. 15.

    Hume (1964d).

  16. 16.

    See Trincado (2015).

  17. 17.

    For a reassessment of this theory, see Epstein (1988).

  18. 18.

    Smith (1980, 159–161), Of the External Senses, 65–70.

  19. 19.

    Otteson (2002a).

  20. 20.

    Evensky (1993, 395–412).

  21. 21.

    Deaño (1993, 25).

  22. 22.

    Smith (1937, 734–735).

  23. 23.

    See Rosenberg (1965) and Otteson (2002a).

  24. 24.

    See Eddy (2011).

  25. 25.

    Herzog (2016).

  26. 26.

    See Foucault (1970, 84). Cremaschi (1984, 1988, 2002) studies analogies and metaphors in Smith’s theory.

  27. 27.

    Yeager (1998).

  28. 28.

    Jermolowicz (2004, 204).

  29. 29.

    Purcell, 198.

  30. 30.

    Howell (1969), McCloskey (1985), and Hurtado (2006).

  31. 31.

    Berry (1974).

  32. 32.

    Jermołowicz (2004).

  33. 33.

    Purcell (2009).

  34. 34.

    Ross (2004, 51).

  35. 35.

    Griswold (1999) and Otteson (2002b).

  36. 36.

    Young (1997).

  37. 37.

    Heilbroner (1982), West (1969), Morrow (1928), Rosenberg (1960), and Cropsey (1975).

  38. 38.

    Lamb (1973).

  39. 39.

    Smith (1976b: 586–587, VII: IV).

  40. 40.

    Bevilazqua (1966, 1968). See also McCloskey (1994), Plank (1992), and Otteson (2002a) draw parallels between the early essay “Considerations concerning the First Formation of Languages” and the WN and TMS (see also Carrión 2017).

  41. 41.

    Smith (1983, 25–26, 96).

  42. 42.

    See Putnam (1975) and Ortmann and Walraevens (2015).

  43. 43.

    Grice (1989).

  44. 44.

    Kapust and Schwarze (2016).

  45. 45.

    Viner (1928, 138).

  46. 46.

    Brown (1994).

  47. 47.

    Smith (1978).

  48. 48.

    Smith (1976a: 245, III: II).

  49. 49.

    Holthoon (1993, 45).

  50. 50.

    Christie (1987).

  51. 51.

    For language , see Levy (1997), Otteson (2002a, b), and Dascal (2006).

  52. 52.

    Nowadays this is proved by Sapir (1995, 225).

  53. 53.

    Chomsky (1989).

  54. 54.

    Sapir, Edward, in Velasco (1995, 221).

  55. 55.

    Bergson (1911).

  56. 56.

    Deleuze and Guattari (1993, 110).

  57. 57.

    Nietzsche (1974).

  58. 58.

    Hurd (1757), Gerard (1759), Alison (1790), Campbell (1776), and Stewart (1810).

  59. 59.

    EMPL 170.

  60. 60.

    Elósegui (1992, 51–59).

  61. 61.

    Hume (1964c, 275), Of the Standard of Taste : XXIII.

  62. 62.

    Marchán Fiz (1996, 31–32).

  63. 63.

    Hume (1964): Of Simplicity and Refinement in Writing: XX: 24.

  64. 64.

    David Hume to William Mure of Caldwell, October 1754, in HL I, 193.

  65. 65.

    David Hume to the abbé le Blanc, 12 September 1754, in HL I, 193.

  66. 66.

    “A Letter to the authors of the Edinburgh Review”, The Edinburgh Review from July 1775 to January 1756, 63–79, in Smith (1982, 243–244).

  67. 67.

    See Lomonaco (2002).

  68. 68.

    Ortmann and Walraevens (2015).

  69. 69.

    Ricoeur (1981).

  70. 70.

    Givone (1990, 195–196).

  71. 71.

    Marshall (1986, 167–192) and Frazer (2010, 95–111).

  72. 72.

    Griswold (1999, 49–50), Brown (1994, 28), and Valihora (2016).

  73. 73.

    See Ortmann and Walraevens (2014).

  74. 74.

    Smith (1983), LRBL, 146–147.

  75. 75.

    Shaftesbury (2001).

  76. 76.

    Fowler and Mitchell (1911, 764, 765).

  77. 77.

    See McKenna (2006).

  78. 78.

    Costelloe (2013, 46–47).

  79. 79.

    Smith (1976a, 351, V: I).

  80. 80.

    Smith (1976a, 351–352, V: I).

  81. 81.

    Smith (1976a, 353, V: I).

  82. 82.

    Smith (1983, 230), The bee or Literary weekly intelligence, for Wednesday, May 11, 1791, Appendix 1.

  83. 83.

    Swyre (2013).

  84. 84.

    Burke (1909, 303).

  85. 85.

    Bergson (1963).

  86. 86.

    Smith (1780, 14), Of the Imitative Arts , I: 10.

  87. 87.

    Perrault (1687) and Fontanelle (1688).

  88. 88.

    Marchán (1996, 22–29).

  89. 89.

    Stradella (2010).

  90. 90.

    Hume (1764c, 259), Of Tragedy : XXII.

  91. 91.

    Posner (1997, 2).

  92. 92.

    Griswold (1999, 41).

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Trincado, E. (2019). Rhetoric in Hume and Smith. In: The Birth of Economic Rhetoric. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14306-0_5

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