Abstract
This chapter examines the politics of positive aging. It starts off by defining active aging and exploring how positive aging theories contributed to shaping aging policy . The chapter continues with an analysis of how active aging policy and images of aging are interlinked and how they evolved historically. It is argued that images of aging are not just theoretical constructs but play a significant role for aging policy development and implementation. Three examples are used to show how images of aging are used by policy : (1) the strategy used by the World Health Organization to support positive aging by encouraging behavior change at individual level, (2) the EU strategies applied to endorse institutional changes that can accommodate an increasing aging population, and (3) Germanies’ active aging policy agenda that actively promotes positive aging images.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adler, R. P., & Goggin, J. (2005). What do we mean by “civic engagement”? Journal of Transformative Education, 3, 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344605276792.
Andrews, M. (1999). The seductiveness of agelessness. Ageing & Society, 19(3), 301–318. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x99007369.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (Eds.). (1990). Successful aging. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511665684.
Bass, S. A., & Caro, F. G. (2001). Productive aging: A conceptual framework. In N. Morrow-Howell, J. Hinterlong, & M. Sherraden (Eds.), Productive aging: Concepts and challenges (pp. 37–80). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Barusch, A. S. (2013). The Aging Tsunami: Time for a New Metaphor? Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 56(3), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2013.787348.
Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity (M. Ritter, Trans.). London: Sage.
Boudiny, K., & Mortelmans, D. (2011). A critical perspective: Towards a broader understanding of ‘active ageing’. Electronic Journal of Applied Psychology, 7, 8–14.
Boudiny, K. (2012). “Active ageing”: from empty rhetoric to effective policy tool. Ageing & Society, 33(06), 1077–1098. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1200030x.
Bowling, A. (2006). Successful ageing from older people’s perspectives. Results from a British survey of ageing. European Journal of Ageing, 3, 123–136.
Bowling, A. (2008). Enhancing later life: How older people perceive active ageing? Aging and Mental Health, 12(3), 293–301.
Bowling, A. (2009). Perceptions of active ageing in Britain: Divergences between minority ethnic and whole population samples. Age and Ageing, 38, 703–710. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afp175.
Bowling, A., & Gabriel, Z. (2004). An integrational model of quality of life in older age. A comparison of analytic and lay models of quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 69, 1–36.
Breheny, M., & Stephens, C. (2010). Ageing in a material world. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 39(2), 41–48.
Butler, R. (1975). Why survive? Being old in America. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.
Carstensen, L. L. (1992). Social and emotional patterns in adulthood: Support for socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 331–338. https://doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.7.3.331.
Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1024569803230.
Clarke, A., & Warren, L. (2007). Hopes, fears and expectations about the future: What do older people’s stories tell us about active ageing? Ageing & Society, 27(4), 465–488.
Corsi, M., & Samek, L. (2010). Active ageing and gender equality policies (EGGSI report for the European Commission, DG Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Craciun, C. (2011). Successful aging-utopia or the result of lifelong learning? Meaning and representations of ageing in Romanian elderly. Ageing International, 37(4), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-011-9131-2.
Craciun, C., & Flick, U. (2014). “I will never be the granny with rosy cheeks”: Perceptions of aging in precarious and financially secure middle-aged Germans. Journal of Aging Studies, 29, 78–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.01.003.
Craciun, C., & Flick, U. (2015). “I want to be 100 years old, but I smoke too much”: Exploring the gap between positive aging goals and reported preparatory actions in different social circumstances. Journal of Aging Studies, 35, 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2015.07.006.
Dannefer, D. (2012). Enriching the tapestry: expanding the scope of life course concepts. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67(2), 221–225. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr148.
Davey, J. (2002). Active ageing and education in mid and later life. Ageing & Society, 22, 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X02008528.
Deeming, C. (2009). ‘Active ageing’ in practice: A case study in East London, UK. Policy and Politics, 37, 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557309X397946.
Dillaway, H. E., & Byrnes, M. (2009). Reconsidering Successful Aging. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 28(6), 702–722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0733464809333882.
Eliassen, A. H. (2015). Power relations and health care communication in older adulthood: Educating recipients and providers. The Gerontologist, 56(6), 990–996. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv095.
Estes, C. L. (Ed.). (2001). Social policy and aging: A critical perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Estes, C. L., & Phillipson, C. (2002). The globalization of capital, the welfare state, and old age policy. International Journal of Health Services, 32(2), 279–297. https://doi.org/10.2190/5ty7-pd68-qld1-v4ty.
Fernandez-Ballesteros, R., Olmos, R., Santacreu, M., Bustillos, A., & Molina, M. A. (2017). The role of perceived discrimination on active aging. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 71, 14–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.02.004.
Foster, L., & Walker, A. (2014). Active and successful aging: A European policy perspective. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu028.
Fung, H. H. (2013). Aging in Culture. The Gerontologist, 53(3), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt024.
Fung, H. H., & Carstensen, L. (2006). Goals change when life’s fragility is primed: Lessons learned from older adults, the September 11 Attacks and Sars. Social Cognition, 24(3), 248–278.
Hilton, J. M., Gonzalez, C. A., Saleh, M., Maitoza, R., & Anngela- Cole, L. (2012). Perceptions of successful aging among older Latinos, in cross-cultural context. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 27, 183–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-012-9171-4.
Hui-Chuan, H. (2007). Exploring Elderly People’s perspectives on successful ageing in Taiwan. Ageing & Society, 27(1), 87–102.
Hamblin, K. (2010). Changes to policies for work and retirement in EU15 nations (1995–2005): An exploration of policy packages for the 50-plus cohort. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life, 5, 13–43. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.105113.
Horton, S., Baker, J., & Deakin, J. M. (2007). Stereotypes of aging: Their effects on the health of seniors in North American Society. Educational Gerontology, 33(12), 1021–1035. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601270701700235.
Kohli, M. (1985). The institutionalization of the life course: Historical facts and theoretical arguments. Kolner Zeitschrift fur Sociologie und Socialpsychologie, 37, 1–29.
Kohli, M. (2007). The institutionalization of the life course: Looking back to look ahead. Research in Human Development, 4, 253–271.
Kohon, J., & Carder, P. (2014). Exploring identity and aging: Auto-photography and narratives of low income older adults. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.02.006.
Konrath, S., Fuhrel-Forbis, A., Lou, A., & Brown, S. (2012). Motives for volunteering are associated with mortality risk in older adults. Health Psychology, 31(1), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025226.
Kotter-Grühn, D. (2015). Changing negative views of aging: Implications for intervention and translational research. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 35(1), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1891/0198-8794.35.167.
Lassen, A. J., & Moreira, T. (2014). Unmaking old age: Political and cognitive formats of active ageing. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2014.03.004.
Levy, B. R. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self-stereotypes. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58(4), P203–P211. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.4.p203.
Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype Embodiment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18(6), 332–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01662.x.
Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T. Jr.,…Yik, M. (2009). Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychology and Aging, 24, 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016901.
Loretto, W., & Vickerstaff, S. (2015). Gender, age and flexible working in later life. Work, Employment & Society, 29(2), 233–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014545267.
Mahne, K., Wolff, J. K., Simonson, J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2017). Altern im Wandel: Zwei Jahrzehnte Deutscher Alterssurvey [Changes in Aging: Two Decades German Survey of Aging]. In K. Mahne et al. (Eds.) Altern Im Wandel, 11–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12502-8_1.
Martinson, M., & Minkler, M. (2006). Civic engagement and older adults: A critical perspective. The Gerontologist, 46, 318–324.
Martinson, M., & Berridge, C. (2015). Successful aging and its discontents: A systematic review of the social gerontology literature. The Gerontologist, 55(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu037.
Minkler, M., & Holstein, M. B. (2008). From civil rights to civic engagement? Concerns of two older critical gerontologists about a “new social movement” and what it portends. Journal of Aging Studies, 22(2), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.12.003.
Morrow-Howell, N. (2011). Outcomes of civic engagement for older adults. In G. O’Neill & S. F. Wilson (Eds.), Civic engagement in an older America (pp. 125–131). Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.
Mullan, P. (2004). The imaginary time bomb: Why an ageing population is not a social problem. London: I.B.Tauris.
Nosraty, L., Jylhä, M., Raittila, T., & Lumme-Sandt, K. (2015). Perceptions by the oldest old of successful aging, Vitality 90 + Study. Journal of Aging Studies, 32, 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2015.01.002.
Naegele, G. (2016). Die Gestaltung der Spätphase des Erwerbsverlaufs – Herausforderungen für eine soziale Lebenslaufpolitik [The organization of the late phase of working life-Challenges for social policy]. In F. Freirchs (Ed.) Altern in Der Erwerbsarbeit [Aging and Work], 25–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12384-0_2.
Naegele, G., & Walker, A. (2009). Social protection: Incomes, poverty and the reform of pension systems. Ageing in Society: European Perspectives on Gerontology, 142–166. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446278918.n7.
Ouwehand, C., de Riider, D. T. D., & Bensing, J. M. (2007). A review of successful aging models proposing proactive coping as an important additional strategy. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(8), 873–884.
Pavlova, M. K., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2011). Perceived level and appraisal of the growing expectations for active ageing among the young-old in Germany. Research on Aging, 34(1), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027511416371.
Phillipson, C. (2013). Ageing. Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 13: 978 0 7456 3085 4.
Phillipson, C., Shepherd, S., Robinson, M., & Vickerstaff, S. (2018). Uncertain futures: Organisational influences on the transition from work to retirement. Social Policy and Society, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1474746418000180.
Potratz, W., Gross, T., & Hilbert, J. (2009). The silver economy: Purchasing power and the quest for quality of life. In G. Naegele & A. Walker (Eds.), Social policy in ageing societies: Britain and Germany compared. Bedford, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Prieler, M., Kohlbacher, F., Hagiwara, S., & Arima, A. (2014). The representation of older people in television advertisements and social change: The case of Japan. Ageing & Society, 35(04), 865–887. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x1400004x.
Riley, M. W., & Riley, J. W., Jr. (1994). Structural lag: Past and future. In M. W. Riley, R. L. Kahn, & A. Foner (Eds.), Age and structural lag: The mismatch between people’s lives and opportunities in work, family, and leisure. New York, NY: John Wiley.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. I. (1998). Successful aging. New York: Pantheon.
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/37.4.433.
Rozanova, J. (2010). Discourse of successful aging in The Globe and Mail: Insights from critical gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 24(4), 213–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2010.05.001.
Rudman, D. L. (2006). Shaping the active, autonomous and responsible modern retiree: An analysis of discursive technologies and their links with neo-liberal political rationality. Ageing & Society, 26(2), 181–201.
Schultz, J. H. (2001). The economics of aging. Westport, CT: Auburn House/Greenwood.
Singer, T., Lindenberger, U., & Baltes, P. B. (2003). Plasticity of memory for new learning in very old age: A story of major loss? Psychology and Aging, 18, 306–317.
Smirnova, M. H. (2012). A will to youth: The woman’s anti-aging elixir. Social Science and Medicine, 75(7), 1236–1243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.02.061.
Stenner, P., McFarquhar, T., & Bowling, A. (2011). Older people and “active ageing”: Subjective aspects of ageing actively. Journal of Health Psychology, 16(3), 467–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105310384298.
Swift, A. U., & Tate, R. B. (2013). Themes from older men’s lay definitions of successful aging as indicators of primary and secondary control beliefs over time: The Manitoba Follow-up Study. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 410–418.
Tesch-Römer, C., & Wurm, S. (2012). Research on Active Aging in Germany. GeroPsych, 25(3), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1024/1662-9647/a000067.
Tesch-Römer, C. (2012). Active aging and quality of life in old age. New York and Geneva: United Nations.
Torres, S. (2006). Different ways of understanding the construct of successful aging: Iranian immigrants speak about what aging well means to them. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 21(1–2), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-006-9017-z.
Torres, S. (2014). Expanding the gerontological imagination on ethnicity: Conceptual and theoretical perspectives. Ageing & Society, 35(05), 935–960. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x14001330.
Van den Heuvel, W. J. (2012). Discrimination against older people. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 22(04), 293–300. https://doi.org/10.1017/s095925981200010x.
Villar, F. (2012). Successful ageing and development: The contribution of generativity in older age. Ageing & Society, 32, 1087–1105. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000973.
Vickers, K. (2007). Aging and the Media: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 5(3), 100–105.
Walter U., Flick U., Neuber A., Fischer C., & Schwartz F.W. (2006). Alt und Gesund? Altersbilder und Präventionskonzepte in der ärztlichen und pflegerischen Praxis. [Old and healthy? Views on aging and prevention in health and care practice]. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
Walker, A. (2006). Aging and politics: An international perspective. In R. Binstock & L. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 339–359). Burlington, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Walker, A. (2009). Commentary: The emergence and application of active aging in Europe. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 21(1), 75–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420802529986.
Walker, A., & Maltby, T. (2012). Active ageing: A strategic policy solution to demographic ageing in the European Union. International Journal of Social Welfare, 17, 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2397.2012.00871.x.
Walker, A., & Foster, L. (2013). Active ageing: Rhetoric, theory and practice. In R. Ervik & T. Skogedal Lindén (Eds.), The making of aging policy: Theory and practice in Europe (pp. 27–53). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Weintritt, O. (2012). Altersbilder im Islam und unter Muslimen in Deutschland und Körperbilder im Islam. [Views on aging in Islam and among Muslims in Germany and body images in Islam] In F. Berner et al. (Eds.), Individuelle Und Kulturelle Altersbilder [Individual and cultural views on aging], 231–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93286-6_6.
WHO. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. Geneva: Author.
Wolff, J. K., Warner, L. M., Ziegelmann, J. P., & Wurm, S. (2014). What do targeting positive views on ageing add to a physical activity intervention in older adults? Results from a randomised controlled trial. Psychology and Health, 29, 915–932. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.896464.
Wolff, J. K., Beyer, A.-K., Wurm, S., Nowossadeck, S., & Wiest, M. (2018). Regional impact of population aging on changes in individual self-perceptions of aging: Findings from the German ageing survey. The Gerontologist, 58, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx127.
Wurm, S., Tesch-Römer, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2007). Longitudinal findings on aging-related cognitions, control beliefs, and health in later life. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, 156–164. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.3.P156.
Wurm, S., & Huxhold, O. (2012). Sozialer Wandel und individuelle Entwicklung von Altersbildern [Social change and individual devolvement of views on aging]. In F. Berner et al. (Eds.) Individuelle und Kulturelle Altersbilder [Individual and cultural views on aging], 27–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-93286-6_2.
Wurm, S., Tomasik, M. J., & Tesch-Römer, C. (2010). On the importance of a positive view on ageing for physical exercise among middle-aged and older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings. Psychology and Health, 25(1), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440802311314.
Zaidi, A., & Zolyomi, E. (2011). ‘Active Ageing’ Research Note 7/2011. Brussels: Produced by the Social Situation Observatory, for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crăciun, I.C. (2019). The Politics of Positive Aging. In: Positive Aging and Precarity. International Perspectives on Aging, vol 21. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14255-1_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14255-1_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-14254-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-14255-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)