Skip to main content

Dignity, Love and Servant-Leadership

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

Considering human beings as “human resources” or “human capital” means that they are used only as a means of generating financial value. There is, however, an alternative approach emerging in management theory and practice, according to which all employees are considered and treated as persons and as ends in themselves; i.e., individuals with dignity. The paper shows that a personalistic approach might contradict the principles of short-horizon profit maximization, but still support the long-term economic sustainability of the company—but only in the case that the latter is not just considered another “managerial tool” aimed at maximizing performance, but is rather deeply rooted in the company’s DNA as part of its ethos. The fundamental principle of such an organization is implemented mutual love. Ideally, all employees and even external stakeholders will share the same value-set. Key to sustaining such a culture is the leader. When top managers focus on establishing and maintaining this type of culture they should follow a “servant-leadership” model. The paper proves the logic of the above-described approach and what it means in terms of day-to-day management, focusing on the leader–employee relationship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acevedo, A. (2012). Personalist Business Ethics and Humanistic Management: Insights from Jacques Maritain. Journal of Business Ethics, 105(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0959-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akerlof, G. A. (1982). Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 97(4), 543–569. https://doi.org/10.2307/1885099.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argandoña, A. (2011). Beyond Contracts: Love in Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0750-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Argiolas, G. (2006). The Good Management: Drivers of Corporate Social Orientation Towards a Multidimensional Success. In International Conference “The Good Company”. Roma.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argiolas, G. (2017). Social Management: Principles, Governance and Practice. Cham: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, J. E. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: It’s for Corporations, Too. In A. Nicholls (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship: New Models of Sustainable Social Change (pp. 169–180). Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Batten, J. (1998). Servant-Leadership: A Passion to Serve. In L. Spears (Ed.), Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant-Leadership. New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, K. (1996). Turning the Organizational Pyramid Upside Down. In F. Hesselbein, M. Goldsmith, & R. Beckhard (Eds.), The Leader of the Future: New Visions, Strategies, and Practices for the Next Era. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, S. C. (2010). Being Human: Dignity of Labor as the Foundation for the Spirit–Work Connection. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 7(2), 157–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766081003746422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boselie, P. (2010). Strategic Human Resource Management: A Balanced Approach. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2010—Personnel Management.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottum, B., & Lenz, D. (1998). Within Our Reach. Servant-Leadership for the Twenty-first Century. In L. Spears (Ed.), Insights on Leadership: Service, Stewardship, Spirit, and Servant-Leadership (pp. 157–169). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrascoso, A. C. (2014). A Framework for a Catholic Stakeholder Core. Journal of Management, Spirituality and Religion, 11(4), 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766086.2014.913496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dierksmeier, C. (2011). Reorienting Management Education: From the Homo Economicus to Human Dignity (Research Paper Series No. 13-5). Humanistic Management Network.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierksmeier, C. (2015). Human Dignity and the Business of Business. Human Systems Management, 34(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-150830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M. (2002 [1962]). Capitalism and Freedom (Fortieth Anniversary Edition). Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilligan, C. (1982). In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard University Press. ISBN: 9780674445444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf, R. K. (1977). Servant-Leadership: A Journal in the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness. New York, NY: Paulist Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenleaf.org. (2018). What Is Servant-Leadership? https://www.greenleaf.org/what-is-servant-leadership/.

  • Héjj, T. (2006). Holistic Stakeholder Value Matrix at Spiritual Companies. In The Good Company—Catholic Social Thought and Corporate Social Responsibility in Dialogue. Proceedings of Sixth International Symposium on Catholic Social Thought and Management Education. Rome: Pontificia Università San Tommaso Angelicum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd ed.). NewYork: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (1785). Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals. Koenigsberg: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanari, B. (2011). “Rerum Novarum” and Seven Principles of Catholic Social Doctrine. http://www.ignatiusinsight.com/features2011/blanari_rerumnovarum_may2011.asp

  • Leung, A., & Cohen, D. (2011). Within- and Between-Culture Variation: Individual Differences and the Cultural Logics of Honor, Face, and Dignity Cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(3), 507–526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowney, C. (2005). Heroic Leadership: Best Practices from a 450-Year-Old Company That Changed the World. Chicago: Loyola Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maritain, J. (1972 [1947]). The Person and the Common Good. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAllister, D. J., & Bigley, G. A. (2002). Work Context and the Definition of Self: How Organizational Care Influences Organization-Based Self-Esteem. Academy of Management Journal, 45(5), 894–904. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069320.

  • Melé, D. (2014). “Human Quality Treatment”: Five Organizational Levels. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(4), 457–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-1999-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitroff, I. (1983). Stakeholders of the Organizational Mind (178 pp.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naughton, M. J., Buckeye, J. G., Goodpaster, K. E., & Maines, T. D. (2015). Respect in Action: Applying Subsidiarity in Business. St. Paul, MN: University of St. Thomas and UNIAPAC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, D., & Wong, T. P. (2000). A Conceptual Framework for Measuring Servant-Leadership. In S. Adjibolooso (Ed.), The Human Factor in Shaping the Course of History and Development (pp. 69–110). Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M. (2009). Social Entrepreneurship: A Blueprint for Humane Organizations? In H. Spitzeck, M. Pirson, W. Amann, S. Khan, & E. von Kimakowitz (Eds.), Humanism in Business (pp. 248–259). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pirson, M., & Dierksmeier, C. (2014). Reconnecting Management Theory and Social Welfare: A Humanistic Perspective—Dignity as the Missing Link. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2410374.

  • Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (PCJP). (2012). Vocation of the Business Leader: A Reflection. Città del Vaticano: Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pope Benedict XVI. (2009). Caritas in Veritate: Encyclical Letter. St. Pauls Publications and Charity in Truth. Vatican City: Ignatius Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, C. (2012). Dignity: Its History and Meaning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, D. (2012). Human Rights and Human Dignity: An Appeal to Separate the Conjoined Twins. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 15(3), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10677-011-9326-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sen, A. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorgi, T. (1998 [1991]). Costruire il sociale. La persona e i suoi “Piccoli mondi”. Pubblicato da Città Nuova.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spears, L. C. (1994). Servant-Leadership: Toward a New Era of Caring. In F. Hesselbein et al. (Eds.), Leadership in a New Era: Visionary Approaches to the Biggest Crisis of Our Time. San Francisco, CA: New Leaders Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • University of California. (2014). Seven Dimensions of Wellness. http://wellness.ucr.edu/seven_dimensions.html.

  • Zamagni, S. (n.d.). Prosperity, Poverty and the Responsibility of Business. University of Bologna. http://ordosocialis.de/pdf/Zamagni/PROSPERITY%20POVERTY%20AND%20THE%20%20RESPONSABILITY%20OF%20BUSINESS.pdf.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tibor Héjj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Héjj, T. (2019). Dignity, Love and Servant-Leadership. In: Setter, O., Zsolnai, L. (eds) Caring Management in the New Economy. Palgrave Studies in Sustainable Business In Association with Future Earth. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14199-8_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics