Abstract
Recent enhancements and applications of the flow solver FLOWer are presented in this paper. A locally formulated laminar-turbulent transition model is implemented and used for simulations of a steady and pitching finite wing. Corresponding experimental results show good agreement on transition points. In CFD, a separation bubble is observed that triggers laminar-turbulent transition. Furthermore, the paper focuses on CFD simulations conducted on Airbus Helicopters’ compound helicopter RACER and the underlying setup, including flexible main rotor blades, engine boundary conditions and deformable flaps. Finally, interaction phenomena and interesting flow characteristics are described for hovering and cruise conditions.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
M. Alam, N.D. Sandham, Direct numerical simulation of ‘short’ laminar separation bubbles with turbulent reattachment. J. Fluid Mech. 410, 1–28 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099008976
M. Brendel, T.J. Mueller, Boundary-layer measurements on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. J. Aircr. 25(7), 612–617 (1988). https://doi.org/10.2514/3.45631
M. Drela, M.B. Giles, Viscous-inviscid analysis of transonic and low Reynolds number airfoils. AIAA J. 25(10), 1347–1355 (1987). https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9789
K. Ferguson, V. Khromov, Maneuverability assessment of a compound helicopter. J. Am. Helicopter Soc. 61(1), 1–15 (2016). https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.61.012008
A.D. Gardner, C.B. Merz, C.C. Wolf, Effect of sweep on a pitching finite wing. in American Helicopter Society 74th Annual Forum (2018)
A.D. Gardner, K. Richter, Boundary layer transition determination for periodic and static flows using phase-averaged pressure data. Exp. Fluids 56(6), 119 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00348-015-1992-9
C.C. Heister, A. Klein, E. Krämer, RANS-Based Laminar-Turbulent Transition Prediction for Airfoil and Rotary Wing Applications Using Semi-empirical Criteria, (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany, 2003) pp. 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35680-3_38
A. Jameson, W. Schmidt, E. Turkel, Numerical solution of the Euler equations by finite volume methods using Runge Kutta time stepping schemes. in 14th Fluid and Plasma Dynamics Conference (1981). https://doi.org/10.2514/6.1981-1259
U. Kowarsch, T. Hofmann, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Adding hybrid mesh capability to a CFD-solver for helicopter flows. (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2017), pp. 461–471. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47066-5_31
P. Kranzinger, U. Kowarsch, M. Schuff, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Advances in parallelization and high-fidelity simulation of helicopter phenomena. (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2016), pp. 479–494. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24633-8_31
R.B. Langtry, F.R. Menter, Correlation-based transition modeling for unstructured parallelized computational fluid dynamics codes. AIAA J. 47(12), 2894–2906 (2009). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.42362
J. Letzgus, L. Dürrwächter, U. Schäferlein, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Optimization and HPC-applications of the flow solver FLOWer. (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland 2018), pp. 305–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68394-2
C.B. Merz, Der dreidimensionale dynamische Strömungsabriss an einer schwingenden Rotorblattspitze. Ph.D. thesis, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover (2016)
C.B. Merz, C.C. Wolf, K. Richter, K. Kaufmann, A. Mielke, M. Raffel, Spanwise differences in static and dynamic stall on a pitching rotor blade tip model. J. Am. Helicopter Soc. 62(1), 1–11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4050/JAHS.62.012002
A.M. Moodie, H. Yeo, Design of a cruise-efficient compound helicopter. J. Am. Helicopter Soc. 57(3), 1–11 (2012). https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.57.032004
C. Öhrle, F. Frey, J. Thiemeier, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Coupled and trimmed aerodynamic and aeroacoustic simulations for airbus helicopters’ compound helicopter RACER. in American Helicopter Society Technical Conference on Aeromechanics Design for Transformative Vertical Flight (2018)
C. Öhrle, U. Schäferlein, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Higher-order simulations of a compound helicopter using adaptive mesh refinement. in American Helicopter Society 74th Annual Forum (2018)
M. O’Meara, T.J. Mueller, Laminar separation bubble characteristics on an airfoil at low Reynolds numbers. AIAA J. 25(8), 1033–1041 (1987). https://doi.org/10.2514/3.9739
J. Raddatz, J.K. Fassbender, Block Structured Navier-Stokes Solver FLOWer. (Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany 2005), pp. 27–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-32382-1_2
O. Rand, V. Khromov, Compound helicopter: insight and optimization. J. Am. Helicopter Soc. 60(1), 1–12 (2015). https://doi.org/10.4050/jahs.60.012001
C. Stanger, B. Kutz, U. Kowarsch, E.R. Busch, M. Keßler, E. Krämer, Enhancement and Applications of a Structural URANS Solver. (Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland 2015), pp. 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10810-0_29
M.R. Visbal, D.J. Garmann, Analysis of dynamic stall on a pitching airfoil using high-fidelity large-eddy simulations. AIAA J. 56(1), 46–63 (2017). https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J056108
P. Weihing, Transport Equation based Transition Modeling in FLOWer (University of Stuttgart, User guide. Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics, 2017)
P. Weihing, J. Letzgus, G. Bangga, T. Lutz, E. Krämer, Hybrid RANS/LES capabilities of the flow solver FLOWer—application to flow around wind turbines. in 6th Symposium on Hybrid RANS-LES Methods (2016)
H. Yeo, W. Johnson, Optimum design of a compound helicopter. in American Helicopter Society International Meeting on Advanced Rotorcraft Technology and Lift Saving Activities (2006)
Acknowledgements
The provided supercomputing time and technical support of the High Performance Computing Center Stuttgart (HLRS) of the University of Stuttgart within the HELISIM project is gratefully acknowledged. Parts of the research presented in this study were performed in cooperation of the Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics of the University of Stuttgart and the Airbus Helicopters division of Airbus SE within the European research framework Clean Sky 2 under Grant 686530. We would like to express our thanks to the European Union for providing us the resources to realize this project. The authors would like to thank Airbus Helicopters Germany and France for the esteemed cooperation within this project and beyond. Furthermore, the investigation is based on the long-standing cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) making us their CFD code FLOWer available for advancements and research purpose, which we would like to thank for.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this paper
Cite this paper
Frey, F., Herb, J., Letzgus, J., Weihing, P., Keßler, M., Krämer, E. (2019). Enhancement and Application of the Flow Solver FLOWer. In: Nagel, W., Kröner, D., Resch, M. (eds) High Performance Computing in Science and Engineering ' 18. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13325-2_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13325-2_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-13324-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-13325-2
eBook Packages: Mathematics and StatisticsMathematics and Statistics (R0)