Abstract
This chapter examines the various ways that paramilitary violence intersects with contemporary international security issues. Understanding how militias affect fragile states as well as human rights and democratization is the focus of this chapter. Militias, while seeking to fill political, economic, and social gaps, undermine state stability and individual protections of many citizens. These detrimental aspects of paramilitary violence, in turn, threaten international peace and stability.
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Notes
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- 4.
Fund for Peace, 2018 Fragile State Index (Washington, DC: Fund for Peace, 2018), 7. The one exception is North Korea, which does have a militia operating in its country, but it is formally integrated within the nation’s armed forces as a reserve force.
- 5.
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Rachel Morarjee, “Taliban Goes for Cash Over Ideology,” London Financial Times, July 26, 2006.
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- 8.
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- 14.
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- 17.
Sarnata Reynolds, “Mexico’s Unseen Victims,” Refugees International, July 2, 2014.
- 18.
Ashraf Ghani and Clare Lockhart, Fixing Failed States (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 22–23.
- 19.
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- 21.
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- 22.
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- 23.
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- 24.
Ahram, “The Role of State-Sponsored Militias,” 497.
- 25.
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- 26.
Aaron Hall and Chloe Christman, “Minerals, Militias, and Rape: How Do We Make Peace a Reality in Congo?” Women’s Media Center, March 1, 2012. URL: http://www.womensmediacenter.com/women-under-siege/minerals-militias-and-rape-how-do-we-make-peace-a-reality-in-congo.
- 27.
Roudabeh Kishi. “Gender-Based Violence and Women’s Political Participation.” ACLED, July 2, 2017. URL: https://www.acleddata.com/2017/08/02/gender-based-violence-and-womens-political-participation/.
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- 29.
Anegbode and Igbafen, “Ethnic Militia Violence in Nigeria,” 131.
- 30.
Thomas Mowle, “Iraq’s Militia Problem,” Survival 48, no. 3 (2006), 54.
- 31.
Omach, “Political Violence in Uganda,” 431.
- 32.
Hannah Allum, “Wolf Brigade: the Most Loved and Feared of Iraqi Security Forces,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, May 21, 2005. URL: http://www.mcclatchydc.com/latest-news/article24446764.html (accessed 6 June 2018).
- 33.
Phil Williams, Criminals, Militias and Insurgents: Organized Crime in Iraq (Carlisle Barracks, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, 2009), 255, 257.
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Kan, P.R. (2019). Militias and State Stability. In: The Global Challenge of Militias and Paramilitary Violence. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13016-9_3
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