Abstract
The complete registration of areas of cultural interest, monuments and public immovable cultural property in a single and systematic way requires the creation of an integrated information system.
The architecture of the integrated digital registration system should include the descriptive incorporation of all Archaeological Sites and Historic Sites, Monuments, Protected Areas, Regional Zones and their wider environments, the full geographic recording of their data and relevant environmental data.
The architecture of the Integrated Management Information System (MIS) should include a Geographical Information System (GIS) in a structured, modern, easy-to-use, unified platform, along with the development of a Relational Database (RDB) of the above-mentioned cultural protection thematic areas and their related elements, analyzed in the article.
Methods of scientific approach are promising, since the choice of using the appropriate topographic, photographic and software tools is entirely consistent with the categorization and cultural significance of the recording objects corresponding to the individual fields of the information system. In addition, they provide data on existing damages and enable detection and assessment of areas of construction requiring conservation interventions.
The extent and importance of the Greek cultural heritage requires the modification and optimization of the methodology of spatial identification and recording of real estate belonging to the Ministry of Culture, protection areas of the cultural environment and immovable monuments, so as to ensure the sustainable management and protection of the cultural object on Greek Territory, the design of their future conservation activities, access to cultural information and floating geospatial and cartographic data.
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- 1.
Since the middle of the 17th century, interest has begun to protect cultural goods from the negative actions of opponents. The first law to protect national monuments was Swedish and was issued in 1666. With regards to Greece, Adamantios Korais first expressed interest in the preservation and protection of Greek antiquities with his memoirs to the Ecumenical Patriarch. Already in 1825, the Minister of Interior and Police in the government of Kountouriotis-Grigorios Dikaios (Papaflessas) issued a decree on the collection of antiquities and their preservation in the school buildings [13: 60] [19: 60).
- 2.
Topographic, cadastral or other types of charts that do not accompany the properties and the declarations of their protection and do not exist in the archives of the involved entities, as established by the already three completed pilot projects of the National Cadastre project.
- 3.
Indicatively, Mavromati (2013) (22.01): Mediation summit on “Implications of the Unclear Limits of Archaeological Sites, An example of the redefinition of the declared archaeological site of the Muses Valley of Voiotia”, which was posted on the website of the Ombudsman, http://www.synigoros.gr/?i=quality-of-life.el.loipa_adeiodotisi.83170 and Ombudsman, Life Cycle, Protection Zones and Uses, https://www.synigoros.gr/?i=quality-of-life.el.zwnes_prostasias).
- 4.
Airborne lidar measures the height of the ground surface and other features in large areas of landscape with a very high resolution and accuracy. «Therefore, it provides the ability to collect very large quantities of high precision three-dimensional measurements in a short time. This facilitates very detailed analysis of a single site, or data capture of entire landscapes» [6, 7].
- 5.
Skouris Panagiotis and Trova Eleni, The protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage, Athens Thessaloniki, 2003, pp. 31–32.
- 6.
According to the Article 7 of Law 3028/2002 for the ownership of monuments and the Article 9 for the maintenance of ancient monuments.
- 7.
Mavromati E., Chrysaeidis L. (2017).
- 8.
According to the Article 14 of Law 3028/2002, for the archaeological sites in settlements or settlements-archaeological sites.
- 9.
According to the Article 13 of Law 3028/2002 for archaeological sites at rural areas and areas of protection.
- 10.
With the title “Implementation of the Archaeological Cadastre: Digitization Works (Scanning, Georeferencing, Vectorization), Real Estate Locations/Places/Monuments and Field Works (Declaration on the physical object of subproject 3 of the approved amended technical bulletin No. 186090 edition 5)” for Greece.
- 11.
Article “YPPO… disappearance of the Archaeological Cadastre”, To Vima tis Kiriakis newspaper, 30.09.2018, p. 55.
- 12.
According to the no. ΥΠΑΙΘΠΑ/ΓΓΠ/ΓΔΑΠΚ/ΔΑΑΠ/ΕΣΠΑΑΚ/142047/43861/1739-19.12.2012 document of the Ministry for the Education, Religious Affairs, Culture and Sport: “(1) Study of the implementation of the project:” The Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports”: The Contractor will prepare and submit a Scope Plan, which will be the detailed guide for the implementation of the project. The Project will be the development guide and the reference base for monitoring the progress of work throughout the project. (2) Scanning, Georeferencing and Distribution of the archive material of the involved entities, to be collected by the Contracting Authority and will be available at the headquarters of the agencies within the Attica Region. (3) Terrestrial Localization Works: It concerns all objects of cultural interest, namely the identification of the State Property, the Protection Areas and the Monuments of Real Estate throughout the Territory. (4) Field and Office Mapping for Non-identified Records: It will include field and office work as well as the drawing up of Cadastral diagrams and the drawing of conclusions in relation to existing cadastral diagrams and the cadastral registrations of the National Cadastre (where these exist). (5) Introduction of Digital Archives and Geospatial Data in the Integrated Information System (M.I.S.). (6) Quality Controls.
- 13.
Tsingas V. (2010), where these methods about Erechtheion are described.
- 14.
Greek Geographical Reporting System of 1987 or EGSA 87. This is a geodetic reference system that has been used in Greece since 1990. The reference system focuses on the framework of parameters and coordinate systems associated with a particular region or a specific area in the Greek Territory and in which the points and objects on the surface of the Country.
- 15.
Mavromati E.2013/Tsakirakis E.2013, https://www.synigoros.gr/resources/docs/344700.pdf.
- 16.
Those works are expected to take place either under the steering assistance of the archaeologists or at the suggestions of the guardians of antiquities serving at the Regional Services of the Ministry of Culture who, at the present stage of the preparation of the Archaeological Cadastre, are insufficient for this work, due to of the financial difficulties of the State.
- 17.
Greek Geographical Reporting System of 1987 named also EGSA 87. This is a geodetic reference system that has been used in Greece since 1990. The reference system focuses on the framework of parameters and coordinate systems associated with a particular region or a specific area in the Greek Territory and in which the points and objects on the surface of the Country.
- 18.
There are declarations of archaeological sites and Protection Zones that are not accompanied by a topographic map or the topographical of the declaration, the boundaries of the archaeological sites are not clear or the declaration is accompanied by a topographic map with incorrect coordinates and boundaries of the space.
- 19.
For monuments of special cultural importance to Greece and the world cultural heritage, such as the Acropolis of Athens, the U.A.V. fly above the monument is not allowed. In these cases, the imprint is done with pampering instruments such as sun balloons (see Tsingas V., 2012).
- 20.
Historical, archaeological and other archives (e.g. archives of the Geographical Service of the Army, planning services), historical and geological maps, surveys and publications, data from the Regional Services of the Ministry of Culture should be collected and registered in the single database of the Greek Archaeological Cadastre.
- 21.
Access has been reported with criteria for the protection of antiquities in the Workshop on “The Integrated Information System of the Archaeological Cadastre and the presentation of the web portal Archaeological Cadastre”, organized by the Ministry of Culture, Education and Religious Affairs, 20.03.2015, at the Amphitheater of the Acropolis Museum in Athens, Greece.
- 22.
The suggestion can be made by the archaeologists of the Ephorate of Antiquities of the area, the staff of the site or the excavation team.
- 23.
Tsingas V., 2012.
- 24.
L. Barazzetti et al., (2011).
- 25.
Tsingas V., 2012.
- 26.
There are open sources tools for the process of aerial images for example, that turn simple point-and-shoot camera images into two- and three- dimensional geographic data that can be used in combination with other geographic data sets. Other programs take images as an input and produce a variety of georeferenced assets as output, such as maps and 3D models.
- 27.
The aerial observation was already used in the 1980s in the archaeological site of Dion Pieria, where the ancient sacred city of Dion is located, The Aristotle University, responsible for the systematic excavation at the area, conducted a research for the identification of the Zeus temple. On low helicopter flights, observation of vegetation and scars on the ground, photographing, and then by surface scanning of the area with a Geo radar determined the depth and the most accurate location of the monument.
- 28.
Tsingas V., (2010), Tsingas V., (2012).
- 29.
Cameras or specific devices/applications/software programs for the production of photos 360°, scanned aerial photos, satellite sensors or scanned maps.
- 30.
For the photogrammetric mapping see, among other things, the Erechtheion modeling documentation, Tsingas V. (2012) and the Acropolis Restoration Service website for the development of geographic information systems for the Acropolis of Athens, http://acropolis-gis.ysma.gr.
- 31.
Point visualization of cultural objects in the background maps of the Hellenic Cadastre (http://gis.ktimanet.gr/wms/ktbasemap/default.aspx) or other free applications such as the Geodata portal, Google map etc.
- 32.
For example, new generation smartphones, digital cameras, drone cameras.
- 33.
Therefore, the Ministry of Culture should include the vector data, the entire archive material and the existing spatial identities in the unique base of the Archaeological Cadastre, in cooperation with the Hellenic Cadastre.
- 34.
Legislative arrangements are expected for the complete exclusion of the monuments from their transfer to the Greek Privatization Superfund. Critical proposals are also expected to be included for the monuments built after 1453 and with the ultimate goal of their complete protection according to the Constitution of the Country.
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Mavromati, E., Stamatiou, E., Chrysaeidis, L., Astaras, K. (2019). Improving the Geometric Documentation of Cultural Heritage: Combined Methods for the Creation of an Integrated Management Information System in Greece. In: Moropoulou, A., Korres, M., Georgopoulos, A., Spyrakos, C., Mouzakis, C. (eds) Transdisciplinary Multispectral Modeling and Cooperation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage. TMM_CH 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 962. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12960-6_1
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