Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preliminary Assessment of the Structural Response of the Holy Tomb of Christ Under Static and Seismic Loading

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Transdisciplinary Multispectral Modeling and Cooperation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage (TMM_CH 2018)

Part of the book series: Communications in Computer and Information Science ((CCIS,volume 961))

Abstract

The complex structure that houses the Holy Tomb of Christ, the so called Holy Aedicule, in the Most Holy Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem has been imposed to considerable damage and structural reformations during its long history. Before the most recent rehabilitation works performed between 2016 and 2017 by the interdisciplinary team of the National Technical University of Athens, the Holy Aedicule has been reconstructed in 1810; however, no later than the first half of the 20th century, a supporting structure was placed at the monument in order to prevent it from further damage. Extensive structural and non-structural damages in recent years, have led to the urgent need for rehabilitation measures. This paper provides a first stage evaluation of the initial condition of the Holy Aedicule under static and seismic loading. This assessment is a part of the series of studies that preceded the rehabilitation works that were performed by the interdisciplinary team of the National Technical University of Athens, completed in March 2017. Based on this initial evaluation a retrofit scheme was applied in order to eliminate the weaknesses of the bearing structure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. The Athens Charter for the Restoration of Historic Monuments. First International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Athens (1931)

    Google Scholar 

  2. International Council on Monuments and Sites – ICOMOS: International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites (The Venice Charter 1964). Second International Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments, Venice (1964)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Congress on the European Architectural Heritage: The Declaration of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN): EN 1998-3:2004. Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance - Part 3: Assessment and retrofitting of buildings. CEN, Brussels, Belgium (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dimes, F.G., Ashurst, J.: Conservation of Building and Decorative Stone. Routledge, London (2007)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Přikryl, R., Smith, B.J. (eds.): Building Stone Decay: From Diagnosis to Conservation. Geological Society of London, London (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Quist, W.J.: Replacement of natural stone in conservation of historic buildings, Evaluation of replacement of natural stone at the church of Our Lady in Breda. Heron 54(4), 251–278 (2009)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Oliveira, C.S.: Seismic vulnerability of historical constructions: a contribution. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 1(1), 37–82 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lagomarsino, S., Cattari, S.: PERPETUATE guidelines for seismic performance-based assessment of cultural heritage masonry structures. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 13(1), 13–47 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Italian Building Code, Guidelines: Assessment and mitigation of seismic risk of cultural heritage with reference to the 2008 Italian Building Code (Linee Guida per la valutazione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale allineate alle nuove norme tecniche per le cos-truzioni), G.U. No. 47 (2011). (in Italian)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Spyrakos, C.C., Kiriakopoulos, P.D., Smyrou, E.: Seismic strengthening of the historic church of Sts Helen and Constantine in Piraeus. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Techniques Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering COMPDYN 2011, pp. 2401–2413. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Spyrakos, C.C., Touliatos, P., Patsilivas, D., Pelekis, G., Xampesis, A., Maniatakis, C.A.: Seismic analysis and retrofit of a historic masonry building. In: Syngellakis, S. (ed.) Retrofitting of Heritage Structures - Design and Evaluation of Strengthening Techniques, pp. 65–74. Wessex Institute of Technology Press, Southampton (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Spyrakos, C.C., Francioso, A., Kiriakopoulos, P.D., Papoutsellis, S.: Seismic evaluation of the historic church of St. Nicholas in Piraeus before and after interventions. In: Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Techniques Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering COMPDYN 2013, pp. 3015–3029. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Spyrakos, C.C., Maniatakis, C.A., Kiriakopoulos, P., Francioso, A., Taflampas, I.M.: Performance of a post-Byzantine triple-domed basilica under near and far fault seismic loads: analysis and intervention. In: Asteris, P.G., Plevris, V. (eds.) Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures, vol. II, pp. 831–867. IGI Global Editions, Hershey (2015)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Spyrakos, C.C., Pugi, F., Maniatakis, C.A., Francioso, A.: Evaluation of the dynamic response for a historic Byzantine crossed-dome church through block joint and kinematic analysis. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Techniques Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering COMPDYN 2015, pp. 2354–2364. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Maniatakis, C.A., Spyrakos, C.C., Kiriakopoulos, P.D., Tsellos, K.P.: Seismic response of a historic church considering pounding phenomena. Bull. Earthq. Eng. 16(7), 2913–2941 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Spyrakos, C.C.: Seismic risk of historic structures and monuments: a need for a unified policy. In: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Techniques Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering COMPDYN 2015, pp. 2423–2439. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  18. Spyrakos, C.C.: Bridging performance based seismic design with restricted interventions on cultural heritage structures. Eng. Struct. 160, 34–43 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Carbonara, G.: An Italian contribution to architectural restoration. Front. Archit. Res. 1(1), 2–9 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Spyrakos, C.C., Maniatakis, C.A.: Seismic protection of monuments and historic structures - the SEISMO research project. In: Proceedings of the VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering ECCOMAS 2016, pp. 5382–5395. Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research, National Technical University of Athens, Greece (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Varvounis, M.G.: The Holy Sepulcher and the Temple of Resurrection (Ο Πανάγιος Τάφος και ο Ναός της Αναστάσεως). Helandion Editions, Athens (2009). (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lavvas, G.: The Most Holy Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem (Ο Πανίερος Ναός της Αναστάσεως στα Ιεροσόλυμα). Academy of Athens editions, Athens (2009). (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mitropoulos, Th.: The Holy Sepulcher of the Most Holy Church of the Resurrection - Brief presentation of history and structural reformations from the ancient times until the fire of the Church of the Resurrection in 1808 (Ο Πανάγιος Τάφος του Πανίερου Ναού της Αναστάσεως - Σύντομη ιστορική και κτηριακή αναδρομή από τους αρχαιοτάτους χρόνους μέχρι την πυρκαϊά του Ναού της Αναστάσεως το 1808) (2015). (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Moropoulou, A., et al.: Faithful rehabilitation. Civ. Eng. ASCE 87(10), 54–61 & 78 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Spyrakos, C.C.: Finite Element Modeling in Engineering Practice. Algor Publishing Division, Pittsburg (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Spyrakos, C.C., Raftoyannis, J.: Linear and Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis in Engineering Practice. Algor Publishing Division, Pittsburg (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Moropoulou, A., et al.: Five-Dimensional (5D) modelling of the Holy Aedicule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre through an innovative and interdisciplinary approach. Mixed Reality and Gamification for Cultural Heritage, pp. 247–270. Springer, Cham (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49607-8_9

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Rutenberg, A., Levy, R.: Some Comments on Seismicity in Israel, Performance Assessment & Damage to Historic Monuments in Jerusalem. Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, PROHITECH – WP2, DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ben-Menahem, A.: Four thousand years of seismicity along the Dead Sea rift. J. Geophys. Res. 96(812), 20195–20216 (1991)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Zohar, M., Rubin, R., Salamon, A.: Earthquake damage and repair: new evidence from Jerusalem on the 1927 Jericho earthquake. Seismol. Res. Lett. 85(4), 912–922 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Cooper, M.A.R., Robson, S., Littleworh, R.M.: The tomb of Christ, Jerusalem; analytical photogrammetry and 3D computer modelling for archaeology and restoration. Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens. 29, 778 (1993)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Biddle, M., Cooper, M.A.R., Robson, S.: The Tomb of Christ, Jerusalem: a photogrammetric survey: a report of the work undertaken under the aegis of the Gresham Jerusalem Project. Photogram. Rec. 14(79), 25–43 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Korres, M.: Church of the Holy Sepulchre: Form, Structure, Core Damages, Way of Repair - Interim Report (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Spyrakos, C.C., Maniatakis C.A.: Assessment of Current Condition under Static and Seismic Loading and Proposal for Intervention for the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre in the Most Holy Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mouzakis, H.P.: Dynamic Characteristic of The Holy Edicule of Christ’s Tomb – Final Report (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Lavvas, G., Balodimos, D.: Most Holy Temple of Resurrection, Topographical - Photogrammetric Documentation (Πανίερος Ναός Αναστάσεως, Τοπογραφική-Φωτογραμμετρική Τεκμηρίωση). Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem, Jerusalem (2003). (in Greek)

    Google Scholar 

  37. Lampropoulos, K.C., Moropoulou, A., Korres, M.: Ground penetrating radar prospection of the construction phases of the Holy Aedicula of the Holy Sepulchre in correlation with architectural analysis. Constr. Build. Mater. 155, 307–322 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Georgopoulos, A., et al.: Merging geometric documentation with materials characterization and analysis of the history of the Holy Aedicule in the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens. Spat. Inform. Sci. 42, 487–494 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Daniels, D.J.: Ground Penetrating Radar, 2nd edn., Radar, Sonar, Navigation and Avionics Series 15. Institute of Electrical Engineers, London (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Agrafiotis, P., Lampropoulos, K., Georgopoulos, A., Moropoulou, A.: 3D modelling the invisible using ground penetrating radar. Int. Arch. Photogram. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci. 42, 33 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Moropoulou, A., Zacharias, N., Delegou, E.T., Apostolopoulou, M., Palamara, E., Kolaiti, A.: OSL mortar dating to elucidate the construction history of the Tomb Chamber of the Holy Aedicule of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 19, 80–91 (2018)

    Google Scholar 

  42. Comité Européen de Normalisation, CEN: Eurocode 8 (EC8-1), 2004: Design of structures for earthquake resistance Part 1: General rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. CEN, Brussels (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Shapira, A.: An updated peak accelerations map for the Israeli code SI 413: Explanatory notes. GII Report 592/230/02, Geophysical Institute of Israel, Lod (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  44. SI 413, Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures, amended December 1998, and May 2004. Standards Institution of Israel, Tel Aviv, Hebrew (1995)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The study and the rehabilitation project of the Holy Aedicule became possible and were executed under the governance of His Beatitude Patriarch of Jerusalem, Theophilos III. The Common Agreement of the Status Quo Christian Communities provided the statutory framework for the execution of the project; His Paternity the Custos of the Holy Land, Archbishop Pierbattista Pizzaballa (until May 2016 – now the Apostolic Administrator of the Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem), Fr. Francesco Patton (from June 2016), and His Beatitude the Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem, Nourhan Manougian, authorized His Beatitude the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Theophilos III, and NTUA to perform this research and the project. Contributions from all over the world secured the project’s funding. Worth noting Ioanna- Maria Ertegun Great Benefactor and Jack Shear Benefactor through WMF, Aegean Airlines as major transportation donor et al.

Acknowledgements are attributed to the interdisciplinary NTUA team for the Protection of Monuments, Professors Em. Korres, A. Georgopoulos, A. Moropoulou, C. Spyrakos, Ch. Mouzakis and specifically A. Moropoulou, as Chief Scientific Supervisor, of the rehabilitation project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Civil Engineering Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Polytechnic Campus, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, 15780, Zografos, Athens, Greece

    Constantine C. Spyrakos & Charilaos A. Maniatakis

  2. School of Chemical Engineering, Section of Materials Science and Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Polytechnic Campus, 15780, Zografos, Athens, Greece

    Antonia Moropoulou

Authors
  1. Constantine C. Spyrakos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Charilaos A. Maniatakis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Antonia Moropoulou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Charilaos A. Maniatakis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Antonia Moropoulou

  2. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Manolis Korres

  3. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Andreas Georgopoulos

  4. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Constantine Spyrakos

  5. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    Charalambos Mouzakis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Spyrakos, C.C., Maniatakis, C.A., Moropoulou, A. (2019). Preliminary Assessment of the Structural Response of the Holy Tomb of Christ Under Static and Seismic Loading. In: Moropoulou, A., Korres, M., Georgopoulos, A., Spyrakos, C., Mouzakis, C. (eds) Transdisciplinary Multispectral Modeling and Cooperation for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage. TMM_CH 2018. Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol 961. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12957-6_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12957-6_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-12956-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-12957-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation