Abstract
Islamic jurists have used the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah concepts, which lie safeguarding humankind’s faith (din), their self (nafs), their intellectual (ʿaql), their posterity (nasl), and wealth (mal) for centuries. In fact, these concepts are the bases of the divine religions. Hence, they cover all areas of life, especially the socioeconomic topics. In this chapter, our aim is to introduce a statistical approach to construct Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah index. We present two statistical approaches. First, Bayesian Factor Analysis that provides a powerful method to choose number of factors to explore the covariance structure of the index variables. Due to the latent nature of the Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah variables, we also propose a second approach, Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling, to explain the relationships of latent variables.
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Notes
- 1.
This article mainly took advantage of Pekcan, Ali. (2013) Makasıd Teorisine Giriş (Fıkhi Hükümlerin Ğai Arka Planı) (Introduction to the Theory Makâsid [fiqh Terms of Gaia Background] Hikmetevi yayınları, İstanbul). Thanks to him.
- 2.
Surah Yunus verse no 15: “And when Our clear revelations are recited unto them, they who look not for the meeting with Us say: Bring a Lecture other than this, or change it. Say (O Muhammad): It is not for me to change it of my own accord. I only follow that which is inspired in me. Lo! if I disobey my Lord I fear the retribution of an awful Day.”
- 3.
Majallah al-Ahkam al-`Adliyah, the Article 39: “It is an accepted fact that the terms of law vary with the change in the times.”
- 4.
In the Holy Qur’an, and the Prophet Muhammad hadiths, and the other Holy Books (Torah and Bible), there are some goals of Shari’ah. When we look at Mumtahına surah, 60/12, in this verse on the “bey’at,” it is seen four essential principles of the five basic excepts of the principle of mind protection (hıfz’ul-aql).
Most maqasid issues (the protection of the faith, the intellect, the self, the posperity, and the wealth) were counted in the Moses (pbuh)s’ ten commandments. In the Bible, Prophet Jesus (pbuh) mentioned some Moses’s commandments. So, they are universal.
- 5.
See for some conventional opinions: Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi‘i. (204 hijri) Kitab al-Risala fi Usul al-Fiqh.
- 6.
- 7.
Zerkâ, Mustafa Ahmed. (1998). el-Istıslâh ve’l-Mesâlihi’l-Mürsele fî’ş-Şerîati’l-İslamiyye ve Usûli Fıkhihâ, Damascus.
- 8.
For example, see: al-Omar, Fuad Abdullah. (2003). Mukaddima fi Tarihi’l-İqtisadi’l-Islami ve Tatavvruhu. Jeddah, Publication No. 62.
- 9.
Bukhari, Kitab al-Tıbb, Ch 30 at https://sunnah.com/bukhari/76; See also Sahih al-Bukhari 5728.
- 10.
These subtitles are: 1—dignity, self-respect, human brotherhood, and social equality; 2—justice; 3—spiritual and moral uplift; 4—security of life, property, and honor; 5—freedom; 6—education; 7—good governance; 8—need fulfillment; 9—employment and self-employment; 10—equitable distribution of income and wealth; 11—marriage and proper upbringing of children; 12—family and social solidarity; 13—minimization of crim and anomie; 14—mental peace and happiness.
- 11.
Intellect protection is: high quality of religous and science education at affordable prices, emphasis on the maqasid in the interpretation of texts, library and research facilities, freedom of thought and expression, reward for creative work and finance.
- 12.
Protection of generation states five subtitles. These are: proper upbringing, moral and intellectual development; marriage and family integrity; need fulfillment; clean and healthy envirronment; freedom from fear, conflict, and insecurity.
- 13.
For this, see: Esen (2007).
- 14.
“The methods of reasoning in fiqh and Islamic economics are not necessarily the same. While fiqh is well served by its methodology and methods set out in usul al-fiqh, Islamic economics should rely on a methodology and methods that suit its social and descriptive nature. Researchers’ choice of methods and methodology is influenced by the basic unit of analysis in their discipline. By ‘unit of analysis’ is meant the object of the particular research—natural phenomena, legal rules, markets behaviors of an individual or a group. The kind of units of analysis in a field influences the choice of methods for the investigation of the truth in that discipline. Natural phenomena, for example, comprise entities that have no volition of their own; i.e. they do not choose how they behave; rather, how they behave is governed so-called ‘natural laws’. For such phenomena, the appropriate methods are those that can discover such laws – they include observation, experimentation, induction, deduction and other scientific methods which are mostly aimed at producing descriptive analyses” (Saleem 2010).
“Economics as we know it is not built on observing the behavior of Muslim people. Despite its claims to universality, it is built on observation of, and imagining of, the behavior of people in the British Isles and western Europe in the 17th century onwards and, lately, in North America. Microeconomic analysis in Islamic perspective has to make up for this deficiency. Our method of doing so is to imagine a people working under the influence of Islamic teachings. We shall also supplement this by historical evidence of Muslim behavior. Also current data on Muslim behavior will be utilized” (Siddiqi 2005).
- 15.
Some authors indicate in their work like this: “In terms of sustainable development indicators, most of the modern rationales for the use of such indicators are very much ethical in nature despite their not originating from the Islamic worldview. Hence, Islam endorses these indicators, although efforts should be made to meet the need for a distinctively Islamic framework in the near future. It is worth reiterating that we do not wish to replace the existing conventional indicators of sustainability, but merely to supplement them with justifications from Shariah principles” (Duasa and Izyani 2008).
- 16.
“The Maqasid al- Shari`ah (the Shari`ah’s goals/objectives) and the principles of maslahah (the interests) corporate social responsibility mean a set of standards of behavior to which a corporation subscribes in order to have a positive and productive impact on society” (Dusuki et al. 2007).
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Esen, M.F., Esen, A. (2019). Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah for Socioeconomic Development Index: A Statistical Approach. In: Ali, S. (eds) Towards a Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah Index of Socio-Economic Development. Palgrave Studies in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12793-0_7
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