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Sharīʿah-Based Ethical Performance Measurement Framework and Relevant Data to Measure Development in Light of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah

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Book cover Towards a Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah Index of Socio-Economic Development

Abstract

The paper presents a measure of a SocioEconomic Development Index based on Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. This index is an alternative to the existing human and socioeconomic development indices. Carlucci and Pisani (1995) argue that the three dimensions suggested by the UNDP to measure development are unsatisfactory and we should be prepared to consider more components to measure human development. Indeed, measuring development based on Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah was seen half-finished due to the lack of the fundamental data. The suggested index is based on the five Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah defined by Al-Ghazali (Al-Ghazali, A. 1109 [1937]. “al-Mustasfa”. Cairo: al-Maktabah al-Tijariyyah al-Kubra) (1109 [1937]):

  • Enrichment of Human self (Ḥifẓ Nafs).

  • Enrichment of Posterity (Ḥifẓ Nasl).

  • Enrichment of Intellect (Ḥifẓ ʿAql).

  • Development of Wealth (Ḥifẓ Māl).

  • Enrichment of Faith (Ḥifẓ Dīn).

The paper brings together varied available indicators from diverse recognized indices and database. The data are selected based on its relevance with the five dimensions. The global index measured helped ranking countries.

The views and opinions expressed in this chapter are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of his institution.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    By treating the topic of “happiness” within the last chapter of his volume and discussing the question whether people subjectively perceive improvements of living conditions and social progress, Niceforo did also touch another essential topic of modern social indicators and quality of life research. This is the correspondence between objective conditions and subjective perceptions and evaluations. In his opinion, people are unlikely to become more happy even if there is social progress and a betterment of living conditions from an objective point of view.

  2. 2.

    Alfsen, K. H., and Sæbø, H. V. (1993). “Environmental Quality Indicators: Background, Principles and Examples from Norway”. Environmental and Resource Economics 3: 415–435.

  3. 3.

    Liverman, D. M., Hanson, M. E., Brown, B. J., and Merideth, R. W. (1988). “Global Sustainability: Toward Measurement”. Environmental Management 12 (2): 133–143.

  4. 4.

    Quarrie, J. (1992). The Earth Summit ’92: The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. London: Regency Press.

  5. 5.

    Scrivens, K., and Iasiello, B. (2010). “Indicators of ‘Societal Progress’: Lessons from International Experiences”. OECD Statistics Working Papers, No. 2010/04, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/5km4k7mq49jg-en.

  6. 6.

    Chevalier, S., Choiniere, R., Bernier, L., et al. (1992). User Guide to 40 Community Health Indicators. Ottawa: Community Health Division, Health and Welfare Canada.

  7. 7.

    Holling, C. S. (1978). Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management. Chichester: Wiley (p. 53).

  8. 8.

    McQueen, D., and Noak, H. (1988). “Health Promotion Indicators: Current Status, Issues and Problems”. Health Promotion 3: 117–125 (MWCD).

  9. 9.

    World Bank. (1995). Monitoring Environmental Progress. Washington, DC: The World Bank (p. 80).

  10. 10.

    Dever, G. E. A. (1979). Community Health Analysis. Germantown, Mary town: Aspen Systems Corporation.

  11. 11.

    Ibid., 9 (p. 106).

  12. 12.

    Tunstall, D. (1992). “Developing Environmental Indicators: Definitions, Framework and Issues” (Draft Paper). Background Materials for the World Resources Institute. Workshop on Global Environmental Indicators, Washington, DC, December 7–8, 1992. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute.

  13. 13.

    Ibid., 10.

  14. 14.

    Adriaanse, A. (1993). Environmental Policy Performance Indicators. The Hague: SDV Publishers (p. 7: in his example of the clock and the thermometer as indicators).

  15. 15.

    OECD [Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]. (1993). OECD Core Set of Indicators for Environmental Performance Reviews: A Synthesis Report by the Group on the State of the Environment. Paris: OECD.

  16. 16.

    Bakkes, J. A., van den Born, G. J., Helder, J. C., Swart, R. J., Hope, C. W., and Parker, J. D. E. (1994). An Overview of Environmental Indicators: State of the Art and Perspectives. UNEP/EATR.94-01; RIVM/402001001. Environmental Assessment Sub-Programme. Nairobi: UNEP.

  17. 17.

    Ibid., 16.

  18. 18.

    Hammond, A., Adriaanse, A., Rodenburg, E., Bryant, D., and Woodward, R. (1995). Environmental Indicators: A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainable Development. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute (p. 8: They considered the WRI’s green-house index an indicator).

  19. 19.

    Ott, W. R. (1978). Environmental Indices: Theory and Practice. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science (p. 8).

  20. 20.

    Ibid., 16.

  21. 21.

    Ibid., 20 (p. 16).

  22. 22.

    Ibid., 18.

  23. 23.

    Ibid., 20.

  24. 24.

    Marcus, S. (1983). “Towards a Semiotic Approach to Social Indicators”. Paper Presented at the International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Salzburg, Austria, July 11–16.

  25. 25.

    Online Etymology Dictionary: http://www.etymonline.com/.

  26. 26.

    Chambers Online Dictionary: http://www.chambers.co.uk/.

  27. 27.

    Linster, M. (2003). “OECD Environmental Indicators: Development, Measurement and Use”. OECD Reference Paper. http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_34441_24993548_1_1_1_1,00.html.

  28. 28.

    Pencheon, D. (2008). “The Good Indicators Guide: Understanding How to Use and Choose Indicators”. UK National Health Service Institute for Innovation and Improvement website, www.institute.nhs.uk.

  29. 29.

    Griffiths, P., et al. (2008). State of the Art Metrics for Nursing: A Rapid Appraisal. London: National Nursing Research Unit, King’s College London, pp. 1, 2.

  30. 30.

    McEwin, Marion. (1995). “Social Indicators and Social Statistics in Australia”. Statistical Journal of the United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, pp. 314–315.

  31. 31.

    United Nations. (1994). “Information on Social Development Publications and Indicators in the United Nations System”. Working Paper No. 7, United Nations Publications, New York.

  32. 32.

    Innes, Judith E. (1990). “Disappointments and Legacies of Social Indicators”. Journal of Public Policy 9: 429–432.

  33. 33.

    Ibid., 32 (p. 315).

  34. 34.

    McGillivray, Mark. (1991). “The Human Development Index: Yet Another Redundant Composite Development Indicator?”. World Development 19 (10): 1461–1468. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750x(91)90088-y.

  35. 35.

    Srinivasan, T. N. (1994). “Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?”. American Economic Review 84 (2): 238–243. JSTOR 2117836.

  36. 36.

    Sagar, A. D., and Najam, A. (1998, June). “The Human Development Index: A Critical Review”. Ecological Economics 25: 249–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00168-7.

  37. 37.

    Vanity Fair: http://www.vanityfair.com/society/features/2011/05/top-one-percent-201105.

  38. 38.

    Fiqh is the Islamic jurisprudence. The fiqh scholars expand the shari’ah by studying the two sources of rulings, namely the Qur’an (the Muslims’ Holy Book) and the Sunnah (Prophet Muhammad’s practice).

  39. 39.

    Al-Qurtubi, M. (1240 [2006]). Al-jamii li-ahkem al-Qur’ān. Al-Ryadh: Mouassasst Al-Risalah.

  40. 40.

    Dusuki, A. W. (2009). “Challenges of Realizing Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah (Objectives of Sharīʿah) in Islamic Capital Market: Special Focus on Equity-Based Sukuk”. Working Paper, Sharīʿah Research Academy for Islamic Finance, Malaysia.

  41. 41.

    Ariff, M., and Rosly, S. A. (2011). “Islamic Banking in Malaysia: Unchartered Waters”. Asian Economic Policy Review 6 (2): 301–319.

  42. 42.

    Abu Al-Zahra, M. (1997). Usul al-Fiqh. Egypt: Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi.

  43. 43.

    Ibid., 2.

  44. 44.

    Quran- Al Anbiya (21).

  45. 45.

    Chapra, U. (2008, June). The Islamic Vision of Development in Light of Maqasid al-Shari’ah. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT).

  46. 46.

    Auda, J. (2008, March 3). Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach. London: International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT), 1st edition.

  47. 47.

    The present calculation method was presented in IFP Harvard Forum 2012 and within Chair for Ethics and financial Norms (Sorbonne University and KAU).

  48. 48.

    Maqsid: singular of Maqāṣid.

  49. 49.

    The universal declaration of Human Rights: http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.

  50. 50.

    The International Human Rights Rank Indicator website: http://www.ihrri.com/.

  51. 51.

    World Justice Project website: http://www.worldjusticeproject.org/factors/order-and-security.

  52. 52.

    The Happy Planet Index website: www.happyplanetindex.org.

  53. 53.

    Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) website: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/mpi.

  54. 54.

    Environmental Performance Index website: http://epi.yale.edu/epi.

  55. 55.

    Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy/Center for International Earth Science Information Network at Columbia University. “2008 Environmental Performance Index Report”. Retrieved March 18, 2008. See Executive Summary, pp. 32–35 for a detailed comparison between the ESI 2005, the EPI 2006 and the EPI 2008.

  56. 56.

    Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights website: www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a19.

  57. 57.

    Reporters Without Borders website: www.rsf.org.

  58. 58.

    World Bank database: http://databank.worldbank.org/Data/Views/VariableSelection/SelectVariables.aspx?source=Education%20Statistics.

  59. 59.

    Times Higher Education website: http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2013-14/world-ranking.

  60. 60.

    QS World University Rankings website: http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2013.

  61. 61.

    Website: http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2013.html.

  62. 62.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.LITR.ZS.

  63. 63.

    International Telecommunications Union website: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/statistics/2013/Individuals_Internet_2000-2012.xls.

  64. 64.

    http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=world-development-indicators.

  65. 65.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SN.ITK.DFCT.

  66. 66.

    http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.15?lang=en.

  67. 67.

    http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.ChildMort-2?lang=en.

  68. 68.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT.

  69. 69.

    http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.18?lang=en.

  70. 70.

    https://cloud.ihme.washington.edu/public.php?service=files&t=5a680ed82f7be84d10b32052099fb617&download&path=/2010/IHME_GBD_2010_RESULTS_2010_HOUSEHOLD_AIR_POLLUTION_FROM_SOLID_FUELS_Y2013M11D20.zip.

  71. 71.

    http://www.se4all.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/11-gtf_data_annex.pdf.

  72. 72.

    http://www.weforum.org/issues/competitiveness-0/gci2012-data-platform/.

  73. 73.

    http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/.

  74. 74.

    http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/tables/.

  75. 75.

    http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/.

  76. 76.

    http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=education-statistics-~-all-indicators.

  77. 77.

    http://databank.worldbank.org/Data/Views/VariableSelection/SelectVariables.aspx?source=Education%20Statistics#.

  78. 78.

    http://databank.worldbank.org/Data/Views/VariableSelection/SelectVariables.aspx?source=Education%20Statistics#.

  79. 79.

    Ibid.

  80. 80.

    https://cloud.ihme.washington.edu/public.php?service=files&t=d559026958b38c3f4d12029b36d783da&download&path=/2010/IHME_GBD_2010_RESULTS_2010_SELF-HARM_Y2013M11D15.zip.

  81. 81.

    http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/report.

  82. 82.

    The 2014 Economic Freedom Index website: http://www.heritage.org/index/.

  83. 83.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS.

  84. 84.

    Global Entrepreneurship Monitor website: http://www.gemconsortium.org/.

  85. 85.

    http://www.gemconsortium.org/docs/download/414.

  86. 86.

    http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.KD.

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  1. Islamic Development Bank Group, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Houssem Eddine Bedoui

  2. Ecole Normale Superieure, Lyon, France

    Houssem Eddine Bedoui

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    Salman Syed Ali

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Bedoui, H.E. (2019). Sharīʿah-Based Ethical Performance Measurement Framework and Relevant Data to Measure Development in Light of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah. In: Ali, S. (eds) Towards a Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah Index of Socio-Economic Development. Palgrave Studies in Islamic Banking, Finance, and Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12793-0_3

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