Abstract
At the turn of the century, Dunning provided the clearest statement of his views on his eclectic paradigm of ownership, location and internalisation (OLI) advantages.
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Notes
- 1.
Dunning (2001: 176).
- 2.
Dunning (2001) note 1 at 176.
- 3.
As explained in Chap. 2, neoclassical trade theory which holds that the determinants of trade patterns are to be found in the differences between factor endowments is only concerned with the location aspect. The internalisation thesis which argues that the multinational enterprise will engage in foreign direct investment “up to the point where the benefits of further internalisation are outweighed by the costs” is only concerned with the location and internalisation aspects. Finally, Hymer’s thesis on firms’ special advantages which maintain that a firm that invests abroad must have a special advantage over local firms in the host country is only concerned with the ownership aspect. See John and Gillies (1997: 155), Zhang (2000: 4), Buckley (1988: 182), and Hymer (1976: 33).
- 4.
Lau et al. (2010: 260).
- 5.
Dunning (1988).
- 6.
For example, in general see Dunning and McQueen (1981).
- 7.
Dunning (1973: 294).
- 8.
Banister et al. (1994: 57).
- 9.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 10.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 11.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 12.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 13.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 14.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 15.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 16.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 17.
A Fight Introduction to Project Finance (Butterworth-Heinemann 2006) 1.
- 18.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 19.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 20.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 21.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 22.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 23.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 24.
International oil and gas lawyer, interview 28.5.2012.
- 25.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 26.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 27.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 28.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 29.
Qatarization ‘What is Qatarization’ Available from: http://www.gatarization.com.qa. [Accessed 7 April 2012].
- 30.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 31.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 32.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 33.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 34.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 35.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 36.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 37.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 38.
Aliboni (2011) and Schumacher (2011).
- 39.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 40.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 41.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 42.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 43.
International oil and gas lawyer, interview 28.5.2012.
- 44.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 45.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 46.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 47.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 48.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 49.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 50.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 51.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 52.
International oil and gas lawyer, interview 28.5.2012.
- 53.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 54.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 55.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 56.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 57.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 58.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 59.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 60.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 61.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 62.
Oil and gas expert, interview 1.3.2012.
- 63.
Carlos et al. (2011: 68).
- 64.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 65.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 66.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 67.
Senior member of Government, interview 5.3.2012.
- 68.
Senior Government official, interview 21.5.2012.
- 69.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 70.
Member of an international oil company, interview 27.5.2012.
- 71.
Lawyer in a local law firm and a former member of Qatar Petroleum, interview 21.3.2012.
- 72.
Energy reporter, interview 23.3.2012.
- 73.
Senior Government advisor, interview 21.5.2012.
- 74.
Banister et al. (1994: 50).
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Al-Emadi, T.A. (2019). Empirical Evidence of the Significance of Dunning’s Themes of Ownership, Location and Joint Internalisation Advantages for Explaining Why International Oil Companies Engage in Joint Venture Agreements in the Qatari Gas Industry. In: Joint Venture Agreements in the Qatari Gas Industry. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12623-0_4
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