Abstract
On September 11, 2001, 19 young militants highjacked four commercial airliners and carried out suicide assaults against targets in the United States. Most of the attackers were from Saudi Arabia and at least two had entered the country on F-1 student visas. The mastermind of the assault was himself a Saudi, who had also come to America as a student, 20 years before. The jolt to the United States was immense and the nation quickly took steps to secure its borders and to closely monitor international students. This chapter describes the governmental and institutional initiatives that followed the 9/11 attack, such as the SEVIS student-monitoring mandates, and their impacts on education exchange.
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Notes
- 1.
Dina Temple-Raston, “Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s Isolated U.S. College Days,” National Public Radio (November 18, 2009). Available at: www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=120516152. Accessed December 14, 2018.
- 2.
Amy Goldstein, Lena H. Sun, and George Lardner, Jr., “Hanjour, a Study in Paradox,” The Washington Post (October 15, 2001).
- 3.
Jim Yardley, “A Trainee Noted for Incompetence,” The New York Times (May 4, 2002). Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/04/us/a-trainee-noted-for-incompetence.html. Accessed December 14, 2018.
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Victor C. Johnson, “Taking Stock, Making Strides,” International Educator, Vol. 14, no. 1 (March–April 2005): 4; also see Olga Gain and William K. Cummings, “Where Have the International Students Gone?,” International Instructor, Vol. 14 (March–April 2005): 20.
- 6.
M. Allison Witt, “Closed Borders and Closed Minds: Immigration Policy Changes after 9/11 and U.S. Higher Education,” Journal of Educational Controversy, Vol. 3, no. 1 (2008): Art. 5.
- 7.
James M. O’Neill, “Foreign Students May Bear Brunt of Terrorism with Stricter Visas,” Knight Rider Tribune News Service (September 27, 2001).
- 8.
“Dealing with Foreign Students and Scholars in an Age of Terrorism: Visa Backlogs and Tracking systems,” From the Hearing before the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, 108th Congress, First Session (March 26, 2003).
- 9.
“U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Student and Exchange Visitor Program.” Available at: https://www.ice.gov/sevis#wcm-survey-target-id.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Jenna Russell, “Foreign Students Protest Fee at UMass,” The Boston Globe (March 21, 2004).
- 12.
U.S. Department of State, Review of Nonimmigrant Visa Issuance Policy and Procedures (2003). Available at: http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2003/index.htm. Accessed December 14, 2018.
- 13.
Y. Zhou, “The Visa Trap,” The New York Times (January 18, 2004): 4A, 32.
- 14.
Paul Mooney and Shialaja Neelakantan, “No Longer Dreaming of America,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 51 (October 8, 2004): A41.
- 15.
Yudhijit Bhattacharjee, “Foreign Graduate Student Applications Drop,” Science, Vol. 303 (March 5, 2004): A41.
- 16.
Victor Johnson, “The Perils of Homeland Security,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Vol. 49 (April 11, 2003): B7.
- 17.
Ibid.
References
Goldstein, Amy, Lena H. Sun, and George Lardner, Jr. 2001. Hanjour, a Study in Paradox. The Washington Post, October 15.
Johnson, Victor. 2003. The Perils of Homeland Security. The Chronicle of Higher Education 49, April 11.
Johnson, Victor C. 2005. Taking Stock, Making Strides. International Educator 14 (1), March–April.
Mooney, Paul, and Shialaia Neelakantan. 2004. No Longer Dreaming of America. The Chronicle of Higher Education 51, October 8.
O’Neill, James M. 2001. Foreign Students May Bear Brunt of Terrorism with Stricter Visas. Knight Rider Tribune News Service, September 27.
Temple-Raston, Dina. 2009. Khalid Sheikh Mohammed’s Isolated U.S. College Days. National Public Radio, November 18. www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyld=120516152.
U.S. Department of State. 2003. Review of Nonimmigrant Visa Issuance Policy and Procedures. http://www.state.gov/s/d/rm/rls/perfrpt/2003/index.htm.
Witt, M. Allison. 2008. Closed Borders and Closed Minds: Immigration Policy Changes after 9/11 and U.S. Higher Education. Journal of Educational Controversy 3(1): Art. 5. https://cedar.wwu.edu/jec/vol3/iss1/5.
Yardley, Jim. 2002. A Trainee Noted for Incompetence. The New York Times, May 4.
Yudhijit, Bhattacharjee. 2004. Foreign Graduate Student Applications Drop. Science 303, March 5.
Zhou, Y. 2004. The Visa Trap. The New York Times, January 18.
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Bevis, T.B. (2019). September 11 and Student Mobility. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_8
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