Abstract
An immediate effect of 9/11 was the loss of Middle Eastern enrollments. Recruitment initiatives to recover them were soon sponsored by the US government and also by private enterprises, often with the cooperation of organizations such as AMIDEAST and UNESCO. Efforts included the Bush administration’s Middle East Partnership Initiative, the Ford Foundation’s Discovery Program, the Exxon-Mobile Middle East and North Africa Scholars Program, the Middle East and North Africa Peace Scholarships, and the Lift-off Initiative, to name just a few. Other countries were also invested. Saudi Arabia began allotting generous funds to advance the availability of exchange scholarships with the United States. In a span of five years (2005–2010), Middle Eastern enrollments rose from 33,000 to 51,000, with Saudi Arabia the top sender.
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Notes
- 1.
Vicki Valosik, “5 Facts About American Style Universities in the Arab Region,” U.S. News and World Report (January 2015). Available at: www.usnews.com/education/best-arab-region-universities/articles/2015/01/07/5-facts-about-american-style-universities-in-the-arab-region?int=a02308.
- 2.
Kemal Guruz, Higher Education and International Student Mobility in the Global Knowledge Economy (State University of New York Press, 2011): 71.
- 3.
Tamar Lewin, “U.S. Universities Rush to Set Up Outposts Abroad,” The New York Times (February 10, 2008).
- 4.
Ibid.
- 5.
Ibid.
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
Ibid.
- 8.
Nirmala Janssen, “Kuwait to Reform Education System,” Gulf News (February 26, 2005).
- 9.
America International Recruitment Council, “Who We Are—Overview, Mission, Vision, Governance, Quick Facts.” Available at: http://airc-education.org/about-airc.
- 10.
Ibid.
- 11.
Tamar Lewin, “Sisters Colleges See a Bounty in the Middle East,” The New York Times (June 3, 2008).
- 12.
Laurence H.M. Holland, “Students Recruit in the Middle East,” Harvard Crimson (February 15, 2006).
- 13.
“Middle East Partnership Initiative,” Available at: https://mepi.state.gov/; also see Teresa B. Bevis, Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016): 75–75.
- 14.
Matthew Kalman, “Clinton Announces Million-Dollar Scholarship Program for Palestinian Students,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 9, 2009).
- 15.
Teresa Bevis, Higher Education Exchange between America and the Middle East in the Twenty-First Century (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016): 77–81; also see Institute of International Education, Programs. Available at: https://www.iie.org/Why-IIE/Offices/Cairo/Programs.
- 16.
AMIDEAST 60th Anniversary 1951–2011. Available at: https://apply.amideast.org/flash/60th/60th.htm.
- 17.
Ibid.
- 18.
Open Doors, Annual Reports 2005 and 2010 (Institute of International Education).
- 19.
Rima Merriman, “Iraqi Students in U.S. Face Unique Challenges,” The Daily Star, Lebanon (March 25, 2004).
- 20.
Garrett Haake and Robert Windrem, “After 9/11 U.S. Gave More Visas to Saudi Students,” NBC News. Available at: http://investigations.nbc-news.com/news/2011/02/04/6014237-after-911-us-gave-more-visas-to-saudi-students.
- 21.
Richard Parez-Pena, “More American Jewish Students Take Up the Study of Arabic and the Arab World,” The New York Times (October 18, 2013): 14.
- 22.
Ibid.
- 23.
Ibid.
- 24.
Robert Sedgwick, “Middle Eastern Students Find Options at Home and Elsewhere” (November 1, 2004). Available at: https://wenr.wes.org/2004/11/wenr-novemberdecember-2004-middle-eastern-students-find-options-at-home-and-elsewhere.
- 25.
Ibid.
- 26.
“Kennedy Lugar YES Program.” Available at: https://www.yesprograms.org/about/about-us.
- 27.
Jennifer Conlin, “For American Students, Life Lessons in the Mideast,” The New York Times (August 6, 2010).
- 28.
Will Rasmussen, “American Students Seek True View of Middle East,” Reuters (November 14, 2007).
- 29.
Cailin McKenna, “Abroad in a War Zone: Students Amid Global Conflict,” The Fordham Ram (March 11, 2015). Available at: http://fordhamram.com/2015/03/11/hold-abroad-in-a-war-zone/.
- 30.
Ibid.
- 31.
Akane Otani, “Middle East Unrest Puts Study Abroad Programs on Edge,” USA Today (September 10, 2013).
- 32.
Aaron Sankin, “Egypt Study Abroad Programs Suspended in Wake of Ongoing Unrest,” Huffington Post (July 15, 2013).
- 33.
Correspondence from the California State University Office of the Chancellor (August 21, 2014). Available at: www.sjsu.edu/studyabroad/docs/Memo-Israel-Fall2014-082114.pdf.
- 34.
Amanda Borschel-Dan, “California State University Reinstates Israel Study Abroad Program,” The Times of Israel (February 21, 2012). Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/california-state-university-reinstates-israel-study-abroad-program/.
- 35.
“Text of Barak Obama’s Speech in Cairo,” The New York Times (June 4, 2009). Available at: www.nytimes.com/2009/06/04/us/politics/04obama.text.html.
- 36.
Open Doors, “Profile of U.S. Study Abroad Students, 2000/01–2010/11” (Institute of International Education, 2012). Available at: www.iie.org/opendoors.
- 37.
Open Doors, 2017–2018 Annual Report (Institute of International Education).
- 38.
“Arab Universities Chart New Course between Research, Job Training,” U.S. News and World Report (November 4, 2014).
- 39.
Ursula Lindsey, “Online Program Connects Students across Cultural and National Borders,” The Chronicle of Higher Education (December 5, 2010).
- 40.
“Queen Rania Foundation Partners with edX to Create First MOOC Portal for the Arab World,” PR Newswire (November 8, 2013). Available at: https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/queen-rania-foundation-partners-with-edx-to-create-first-mooc-portal-for-the-arab-world-231127691.html.
- 41.
Ibid.
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———. 2008b. Sisters Colleges See a Bounty in the Middle East. The New York Times, June 3.
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Bevis, T.B. (2019). US-Middle East Exchange in the Early Twenty-First Century. In: A World History of Higher Education Exchange. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12434-2_10
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