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Counter-Terrorism in Poland

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Contagion, Counter-Terrorism and Criminology

Part of the book series: Crime Prevention and Security Management ((CPSM))

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Abstract

The low level of terrorist activity in Poland has not stopped it legislating in the wake of the recent terror attacks in Europe. This chapter begins with an outline of the historical development of counter-terrorism law and policy in Poland prior to 9/11, before providing a synopsis of post-9/11 domestic and European Union legislation. The final section examines the types of contagion according to the categories set out in Chap. 1. Recent years have seen a series of dramatic reforms of the Polish criminal justice system on the basis of the terrorist threat creating conditions for violations of the rights to liberty, privacy, and so on. In this more recent legislation, the chapter finds strong evidence in support of the ‘contagion’ thesis, particularly in a political context where core democratic guarantees appear under threat.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Poland ranks 110th in the 2017 Global Terrorism Index published by the Institute for Economics and Peace (2017). The index is based on data from the Global Terrorism Database, which are collected by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START), and analyses the threat of international terrorism in 163 countries. In 2017, France ranked 23rd and the UK ranked 35th in the index.

  2. 2.

    Dekret o postępowaniu doraźnym [Decree on Emergency Proceedings]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 53, Location 301, 16 November 1945.

  3. 3.

    Konwencja w sprawie przestępstw i niektórych innych czynów popełnionych na pokładzie statków powietrznych, sporządzona w Tokio dnia 14 września 1963 r. [Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board of Aircraft, Tokyo, 14 September 1963]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 15, Location 147, 1971; Konwencja o zwalczaniu bezprawnego zawładnięcia statkami powietrznymi, sporządzona w Hadze dnia 16 grudnia 1970 r. [Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft, The Hague, 16 December 1970]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 25, Location 181, 1972; Konwencja o zwalczaniu bezprawnych czynów skierowanych przeciwko bezpieczeństwu lotnictwa cywilnego, sporządzona w Montrealu dnia 23 września 1971 r. [Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, Montreal, 23 September 1971]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 8, Location 37, 1976; Konwencja o zapobieganiu przestępstwom i karaniu sprawców przestępstw przeciwko osobom korzystającym z ochrony międzynarodowej, w tym przeciwko dyplomatom, sporządzona w Nowym Jorku dnia 14 grudnia 1973 r. [Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, Including Diplomats Agents, New York, 14 December 1973]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 37, Location 168, 1983; Oświadczenie Rządowe z dnia 3 marca 1989 r. w sprawie wejścia w życie konwencji o ochronie fizycznej materiałów jądrowych wraz z załącznikami I i II, otwartej do podpisu w Wiedniu i w Nowym Jorku w dniu 3 marca 1980 r. [Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, Vienna, 3 March 1980]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 17, Location 94, 1989.

  4. 4.

    Protokół W Sprawie Przeciwdziałania Bezprawnym Czynom Przeciwko Bezpieczeństwu Stałych Platform Umieszczonych Na Szelfie Kontynentalnym, Sporządzony W Rzymie Dnia 10 Marca 1988 R. [Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, Rome, 10 March 1988]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 22, Location 211, 1992; Oświadczenie Rządowe z dnia 19 sierpnia 1994 r. w sprawie ratyfikacji przez Rzeczpospolitą Polską Konwencji w sprawie przeciwdziałania bezprawnym czynom przeciwko bezpieczeństwu żeglugi morskiej, sporządzonej w Rzymie dnia 10 marca 1988 r. [Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Rome, 10 March 1988]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 129, Location 636, 1994; Międzynarodowa Konwencja przeciwko braniu zakładników, sporządzona w Nowym Jorku dnia 8 grudnia 1979 r. [International Convention against the Taking of Hostages New York, 17 December 1979]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 106, Location 1123, 2000.

  5. 5.

    Europejska konwencja o zwalczaniu terroryzmu, sporządzona w Strasburgu dnia 27 stycznia 1977 r. [European Convention on the Suppression of Terrorism, 27 January 1977]. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 117, Location 557, 1996.

  6. 6.

    Al Nashiri v. Poland (application no. 28761/11) and Husayn (Abu Zubaydah) v. Poland (no. 7511/13).

  7. 7.

    Ustawa o przeciwdziałaniu wprowadzaniu do obrotu finansowego wartości majątkowych pochodzących z nielegalnych lub nieujawnionych źródeł. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 116, Location 1216, 2000.

  8. 8.

    United Nations Security Council Resolution S/RES/1373, 28 September 2001.

  9. 9.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu wprowadzaniu do obrotu finansowego wartości majątkowych pochodzących z nielegalnych lub nieujawnionych źródeł. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 180, Location 1500, 2002.

  10. 10.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu wprowadzaniu do obrotu finansowego wartości majątkowych pochodzących z nielegalnych lub nieujawnionych źródeł oraz o przeciwdziałaniu finansowaniu terroryzmu oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 166, Location 1317, 2009.

  11. 11.

    Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on Combating Terrorism (2002/475/JHA).

  12. 12.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy—Kodeks karny oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 93, Location 889, 2004.

  13. 13.

    Council Framework Decision of 13 June 2002 on the European Arrest Warrant and the Surrender Procedures between Member States (2002/584/JHA).

  14. 14.

    Council Framework Decision of 28 November 2008 amending Framework Decision 2002/475/JHA on combating terrorism (2008/919/JHA).

  15. 15.

    Ustawa o Policji. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 30, Location 179, 1990; Ustawa o zmianie ustaw: o Urzędzie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych, o Policji, o Urzędzie Ochrony Państwa, o Straży Granicznej Oraz Niektórych Innych Ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 104, Location 515, 1995.

  16. 16.

    Ustawa o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 74, Location 676, 2002.

  17. 17.

    Ustawa o cudzoziemcach. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 128, Location 1175, 2003; Ustawa o zmianie ustawy o cudzoziemcach oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 239, Location 1593, 2010.

  18. 18.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy o Policji oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 147, 2016.

  19. 19.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy – Kodeks postępowania karnego oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 437, 2016.

  20. 20.

    Ustawa o działaniach antyterrorystycznych. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 904, 2016.

  21. 21.

    Ustawa o rzeczach znalezionych. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 397, 2015.

  22. 22.

    This is described by the Law and Justice party as the ‘good change,’ which is characterised by a reorientation in foreign policy based on pessimism as regards the future of European integration, the protection of national sovereignty, and the opposition between traditional Polish values and those typical of Western European liberal democracies (see further Balcer et al., 2016).

  23. 23.

    The justification of the provisions of the Counter-Terrorism Act, as well as the main text, can be accessed at: https://www.rpo.gov.pl/sites/default/files/Projekt%20ustawy%20antyterrorystycznej%20-%20wersja%20z%205%20maja%202016_0.pdf.

  24. 24.

    As result of recent reforms of the administration of justice and the following Constitutional Tribunal crisis, the Commissioner has withdrawn the motion against the Counter-terrorist Act of June 2016 (Commissioner for Human Rights, 2018; Human Rights Watch, 2017).

  25. 25.

    Interviews held on 16, 17, 18 and 19 January 2017.

  26. 26.

    Ibid.

  27. 27.

    Rozporządzenie Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych i Administracji w sprawie katalogu incydentów o charakterze terrorystycznym. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 1092, 2016.

  28. 28.

    These reforms should be considered alongside legislative changes to criminal procedure in March 2016 permitting evidence found illegally to be used in court. These changes open up the broad possibility that evidence gathered illegally by intelligence services will be used in criminal proceedings (Kusak, 2016; Amnesty International, 2017).

  29. 29.

    Ustawa o zmianie ustawy o Policji oraz niektórych innych ustaw. Dziennik Ustaw, No. 0, Location 147, 2016.

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    Claire Hamilton

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    Hamilton, C. (2019). Counter-Terrorism in Poland. In: Contagion, Counter-Terrorism and Criminology. Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12322-2_3

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