Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

What Is the Meaning of Recovery?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy

Abstract

The mental health field is currently operating with two distinctly different meanings of the concept of “recovery.” While the traditional, clinical sense of having recovered from a serious mental illness has been around since the eighteenth century, the more recent meaning of living a full, self-directed life with an on-going serious mental illness emerged from the Mental Health Consumer/Survivor Movement in the late 1980s. Based on a disability rights framework, this new meaning of recovery has since spawned a movement of its own, promising to push mental health services beyond symptom reduction to a restoration of functioning and community inclusion in the face of a psychiatric disability. This chapter explores both meanings of the term recovery, argues for their complementarity in addressing different situations, and reviews the evidence that exists for interventions to promote community inclusion. Evidence suggests that persons with serious mental illnesses can function in a range of valued social roles and are more likely to do so when provided person-centered care that promotes self-management. More work remains in transforming care to this orientation, and additional work is needed to address the social determinants of mental health in creating more supportive and inclusive communities, comprising an interface between the concepts of personal recovery and citizenship.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Davidson, L. (2016). The recovery movement: Implications for mental health care and enabling people to participate fully in life. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1091–1097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2003). Achieving the promise: Transforming mental health care in America. Rockville, MD: U.S. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Weiner, D. B. (1992). Pinel’s “Memoir on Madness” of December 11, 1794: A fundamental text of modern psychiatry. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 725–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kraepelin, E. (1904). Lectures on clinical psychiatry (T. Johnstone, Ed.). New York, NY: William Wood & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kraepelin, E. (1907). Clinical psychiatry: A textbook for students and physicians (A. R. Diefendorf, Trans.). New York, NY: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Harding, C. M., Brooks, G. W., Ashikaga, T., Strauss, J. S., & Breier, A. (1987). The Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, II: Long-term outcome of subjects who retrospectively met DSM-III criteria for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144(6), 727–735.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Harding, C. M., Zubin, J., & Strauss, J. S. (1987). Chronicity in schizophrenia: Fact, partial fact, or artifact? Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 38(5), 477–486.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ciompi, L. (1980). The natural history of schizophrenia in the long term. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136(5), 413–420.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin, K. M., & Kleinman, A. M. (1988). Psychopathology and clinical course of schizophrenia: A cross-cultural perspective. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14(4), 555–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Bleuler, M. (1978). The schizophrenic disorders: Long-term patient and family studies (S. M. Clemens, Trans.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Carpenter, W. T., & Kirkpatrick, B. (1988). The heterogeneity of the long-term course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 645–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Davidson, L., & McGlashan, T. H. (1997). The varied outcomes of schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 42(1), 34–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Slade, M. (2009). Personal recovery and mental illness: A guide for mental health professionals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Deegan, P. E. (1988). Recovery: The lived experience of rehabilitation. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 11(4), 11–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Anthony, W. A. (1993). Recovery from mental illness: The guiding vision of the mental health service system in the 1990s. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 16(4), 11–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Chamberlin, J. (1978). On our own: Patient controlled alternatives to the mental health system. New York: McGraw Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cohen, P., & Cohen, J. (1984). The clinician’s illusion. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 1178–1182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T., Jr. (1972). Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. I: Characteristics of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 739–746.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T., Jr. (1974). The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. II: Relationships between predictor and outcome variables: A report from the WHO international pilot study of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31(1), 37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T., Jr. (1977). Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. III: Five-year outcome and its predictors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34(2), 159–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Strauss, J. S., Hafez, H., Lieberman, P., & Harding, C. M. (1985). The course of psychiatric disorder, III: Longitudinal principles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142(3), 289–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Onken, S. J., Craig, C. M., Ridgway, P., Ralph, R. O., & Cook, J. A. (2007). An analysis of the definitions and elements of recovery: A review of the literature. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 31(1), 9–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Slade, M., Leamy, M., Bacon, F., Janosik, J., Le Boutillier, C., & Bird, V. (2012). International differences in understanding recovery: Systematic review. Epidemiology & Psychiatric Sciences, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Drake, R. E., Becker, D. R., Clark, R. E., & Mueser, K. T. (1999). Research on the individual placement and support model of supported employment. Psychiatric Quarterly, 70(4), 289–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ridgway, P., & Zipple, A. M. (1990). The paradigm shift in residential services: From the linear continuum to supported housing approaches. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 13(4), 11–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Unger, K. V., Anthony, W. A., Sciarappa, K., & Rogers, E. S. (1991). A supported education program for young adults with long-term mental illness. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 42(8), 838–842.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Davidson, L., Haglund, K. E., Stayner, D. A., Rakfeldt, J., Chinman, M. J., & Tebes, J. K. (2001). “It was just realizing … that life isn’t one big horror”: A qualitative study of supported socialization. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 275–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. David, D., Styron, T., & Davidson, L. (2011). Supported parenting as a way of meeting the parenting needs and concerns of mothers with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 14(2), 137–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Russinova, Z., & Blanch, A. (2007). Supported spirituality: A new frontier in the recovery-oriented mental health system. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(4), 247–249.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1999). Mental health: A report of the surgeon general. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Consensus definition of recovery in behavioral health. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/PEP12-RECDEF/PEP12-RECDEF.pdf.

  32. Geller, J. L. (2012). Patient-centered, recovery-oriented psychiatric care and treatment are not always voluntary. Psychiatric Services, 63, 493–495.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Dickerson, F. B. (2006). Disquieting aspects of the recovery paradigm. Psychiatric Services, 57, 647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Davidson, L., O’Connell, M. J., Tondora, J., Styron, T., & Kangas, K. (2006). The top ten concerns about recovery encountered in mental health system transformation. Psychiatric Services, 57(5), 640–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Slade, M., Amering, M., Farkas, M., Hamilton, B., O’Hagan, M., Panther, G., … Whitley, R. (2014). Uses and abuses of recovery: Implementing recovery oriented practices in mental health systems. World Psychiatry, 13(1), 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Braslow, J. T. (2013). The manufacture of recovery. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 781–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Harper, D., & Speed, E. (2014). Uncovering recovery: The resistible rise of recovery and resilience. In E. Speed, J. Moncrieff, & M. Rapley (Eds.), De-medicalizing misery, II: Society, politics and the mental health industry (pp. 40–57). London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Morrow, M. (2013). Recovery: Progressive paradigm or neoliberal smokescreen. In G. Reaume, B. A. LeFrançois, & R. J. Menzies (Eds.), Mad matters: A critical reader in Canadian mad studies (pp. 323–333). Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Davidson, L. (2006). What happened to civil rights? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 30(1), 11–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Deegan, P. E. (1992). The Independent Living Movement and people with psychiatric disabilities: Taking back control over our own lives. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 15(3), 3–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Onocko Campos, R. T., Costa, M., Pereira, M. B., Ricci, E. C., da Silva Tavares Enes, G., Janeth, L., … Davidson, L. (2017). Recovery, citizenship, and psychosocial rehabilitation: A dialog between Brazilian and American mental health care approaches. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 20(3), 311–326.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Davidson, L., Chan, B., & Rowe, M. (2013, April). Core elements of mental health transformation in an Asian context. Asia Health Care Journal, 3, 11–15.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Compton, M. T., & Shim, R. S. (Eds.). (2015). The social determinants of mental health. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Rowe, M., & Davidson, L. (2016). Recovering citizenship. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 53(1), 14–21.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Carling, P. J. (1995). Return to community: Building support systems for people with psychiatric disabilities. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Tsemberis, S., & Eisenberg, R. F. (2000). Pathways to housing: Supported housing for street-dwelling homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities. Psychiatric Services, 51(4), 487–493.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Rog, D. J., Marshall, T., Dougherty, R. H., George, P., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Permanent supportive housing: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(3), 287–294.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kinoshita, Y., Furukawa, T. A., Kinoshita, K., Honyashiki, M., Omori, I. M., Marshall, M., … Kingdon, D. (2013). Supported employment for adults with severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 13(9), CD008297.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Marshall, T., Goldberg, R. W., Braude, L., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., … Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Supported employment: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(1), 16–23.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Modini, M., Tan, L., Brinchmann, B., Wang, M., Killackey, E., Glozier, N., … Harvey, S. B. (2016). Supported employment for people with severe mental illness: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the international evidence. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(1), 14–22.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Mueser, K. T., Drake, R. E., & Bond, G. R. (2016). Recent advances in supported employment for people with serious mental illness. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 29(3), 196–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Charzyńska, K., Kucharska, K., & Mortimer, A. (2015). Does employment promote the process of recovery from schizophrenia? A review of the existing evidence. International Journal of Occupational Medicine, 28, 407–418.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Luciano, A., Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2014). Does employment alter the course and outcome of schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses? A systematic review of longitudinal research. Schizophrenia Research, 159, 312–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. van Rijn, R. M., Carlier, B. E., Schuring, M., & Burdorf, A. (2016). Work as treatment? The effectiveness of re-employment programmes for unemployed persons with severe mental health problems on health and quality of life: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 73, 275–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Leff, J., & Warner, R. (2006). Social inclusion of people with mental illness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  56. Dixon, L. B., Goldman, H. H., Bennett, M. E., Wang, Y., McNamara, K. A., Mendon, S. J., … Essock, S. M. (2014). Implementing coordinated specialty care for early psychosis: The RAISE Connection Program. Psychiatric Services, 66, 691–698.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Kane, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Schooler, N. R., Mueser, K. T., Penn, D. L., Rosenheck, R. A., … Marcy, P. (2015). Comprehensive versus usual community care for first-episode psychosis: 2-year outcomes from the NIMH RAISE early treatment program. American Journal of Psychiatry, 173(4), 362–372.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Srihari, V. H., Tek, C., Kucukgoncu, S., Phutane, V. H., Breitborde, N. J. K., Pollard, J., … Woods, S. W. (2015). First-episode services for psychotic disorders in the U.S. public sector: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 66, 705–712.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Davidson, L., & Stern, E. (2013). Psychiatric/psychosocial rehabilitation (PSR) in relation to social and leisure environments: Friends and recreation. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 9, 207–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. McCorkle, B. H., Rogers, E. S., Dunn, E. C., Lyass, A., & Wan, Y. M. (2008). Increasing social support for individuals with serious mental illness: Evaluating the compeer model of intentional friendship. Community Mental Health Journal, 44(5), 359–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Nicholson, J., & Deveney, W. (2009). Why not support(ed) parenting? Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 33(2), 79–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Schrank, B., Moran, K., Borghi, C., & Priebe, S. (2015). How to support patients with severe mental illness in their parenting role with children aged over 1 year? A systematic review of interventions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 50(12), 1765–1783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Davidson, L., Rakfeldt, J., & Strauss, J. S. (2010). The roots of the recovery movement in psychiatry: Lessons learned. London: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  64. Davidson, L., Chinman, M., Kloos, B., Weingarten, R., Stayner, D. A., & Tebes, J. K. (1999). Peer support among individuals with severe mental illness: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 165–187.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Davidson, L., Chinman, M., Sells, D., & Rowe, M. (2006). Peer support among adults with serious mental illness: A report from the field. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32, 443–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Copeland, M., & Mead, S. (2003). WRAP and peer support: A guide to individual, group and program development. Dummerston, VT: Peach Press.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Copeland, M. (2002). WRAP: Wellness recovery action plan (2nd ed.). Dummerston, VT: Peach Press.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Druss, B. G., Zhao, L., Esenwein, S. A., Bona, J. R., Fricks, L., Jenkins-Tucker, S., … von Lorig, K. (2010). The Health and Recovery Peer (HARP) Program: A peer-led intervention to improve medical self-management for persons with serious mental illness. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1), 264–270.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Chinman, M., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. S., Ghose, S. S., Swift, A., & Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Peer support services for individuals with serious mental illnesses: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(4), 429–441.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Davidson, L., Bellamy, C., Guy, K., & Miller, R. (2012). Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: A review of evidence and experience. World Psychiatry, 11(2), 123–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Pitt, V., Lowe, D., Hill, S., Prictor, M., Hetrick, S. E., Ryan, R., & Berends, L. (2013). Consumer-providers of care for adult clients of statutory mental health services. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 3(9), CD004807.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lloyd-Evans, B., Mayo-Wilson, E., Harrison, B., Istead, H., Brown, E., Pilling, S., … Kendall, T. (2014). A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of peer support for people with severe mental illness. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 39.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Fuhr, D. C., Salisbury, T. T., De Silva, M. J., Atif, N., van Ginneken, N., Rahman, A., & Patel, V. (2014). Effectiveness of peer-delivered interventions for severe mental illness and depression on clinical and psychosocial outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(11), 1691–1702.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Cabassa, L. J., Camacho, D., Vélez-Grau, C. M., & Stefanic, A. (2017). Peer-based health interventions for people with serious mental illness: A systematic literature review. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 84, 80–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Walker, E. R., McGee, R. E., & Druss, B. G. (2015). Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(4), 334–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. McGinty, E. E., Baller, J., Azrin, S. T., Juliano-Bult, D., & Daumit, G. L. (2016). Interventions to address medical conditions and health-risk behaviors among persons with serious mental illness: A comprehensive review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42(1), 96–124.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Suetani, S., Whiteford, H. A., & McGrath, J. J. (2015). An urgent call to address the deadly consequences of serious mental disorders. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(12), 1166–1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Woltmann, E., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Perron, B., Georges, H., Kilbourne, A. M., & Bauer, M. S. (2012). Comparative effectiveness of collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions across primary, specialty, and behavioral health care settings: Systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169(8), 790–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Miller, C. J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Perron, B. E., Kilbourne, A. M., Woltmann, E., & Bauer, M. S. (2013). Collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions: Cumulative meta-analysis and meta-regression to guide future research and implementation. Medical Care, 51(10), 922–930.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Siantz, E., & Aranda, M. P. (2014). Chronic disease self-management interventions for adults with serious mental illness: A systematic review of the literature. General Hospital Psychiatry, 36(3), 233–244.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Nielsen, M., Gibson, A., Buelt, L., Grundy, P., & Grumbach, K. (2014). The patient-centered medical home’s impact on cost and quality: Annual review of evidence 2012–2013. Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative and Milbank Memorial Fund. Retrieved from https://www.milbank.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/PCPCC_2014_Evidence_Report.pdf.

  82. Nielsen, M., Gibson, A., Buelt, L., Grundy, P., & Grumbach, K. (2015). The patient-centered medical home’s impact on cost and quality: Annual review of evidence 2013–2014. Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative and Milbank Memorial Fund. Retrieved from https://www.milbank.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/PCPCC_2015_Evidence_Report.pdf.

  83. Nielsen, M., Gibson, A., Buelt, L., Grundy, P., & Grumbach, K. (2017). The patient-centered medical home’s impact on cost and quality: Annual review of evidence 2015–2016. Patient-Centered Primary Care Collaborative and Milbank Memorial Fund. Retrieved from https://www.milbank.org/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/pcmh_evidence_report_FINAL-1.jpg.

  84. Deegan, P. E., & Drake, R. E. (2006). Shared decision making and medication management in the recovery process. Psychiatric Services, 57(11), 1636–1639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Welder, L. E., Maula, E. C., Diamond, B. W., Baron, R. C., & Salzer, M. S. (2015). A guide to creating self-directed care programming. Temple University Collaborative on Community Inclusion of Individuals with Psychiatric Disabilities.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Swanson, J. W., Tepper, M. C., Backlar, P., & Swartz, M. S. (2000). Psychiatric advance directives: An alternative to coercive treatment? Psychiatry, 63(2), 160–172.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Coulter, A., Entwistle, V. A., Eccles, A., Ryan, S., Shepperd, S., & Perera, R. (2013). Personalised care planning for adults with chronic or long-term health conditions. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 3(3), CD010523.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Davidson, L., Roe, D., Stern, E., Zisman-Ilani, Y., O’Connell, M., & Corrigan, P. (2012). If I choose it, am I more likely to use it? The role of choice in medication and service use. International Journal of Person Centered Medicine, 2(3), 577–592.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Slade, E. (2012). Feasibility of expanding self-directed services for people with serious mental illnesses. Washington, DC: Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/feasibility-expanding-self-directed-services-people-serious-mental-illnes.

  90. Spalding-Givens, J., & Lacasse, J. (2015). Self-directed care: Participants’ service utilization and outcomes. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38, 74–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. Webber, M., Treacy, S., Carr, S., Clark, M., & Parker, G. (2014). The effectiveness of personal budgets for people with mental health problems: A systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 23, 146–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Stovell, D., Morrison, A. P., Panayiotou, M., & Hutton, P. (2016). Shared treatment decision-making and empowerment-related outcomes in psychosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(1), 23–28.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Thomas, E. C., Despeaux, K. E., Drapalski, A. L., & Bennett, M. (2017, December 1). Person-oriented recovery of individuals with serious mental illnesses: A review and meta-analysis of longitudinal findings. Psychiatric Services. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201700058.

  94. Charles, J. L. K. (2013). Mental health provider-based stigma: Understanding the experience of clients and families. Social Work and Mental Health, 11(4), 360–375.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Verhaeghe, M., & Bracke, P. (2012). Associative stigma among mental health professionals: Implications for professional and service user well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 53(1), 17–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Nordt, C., Rossler, W., & Lauber, C. (2006). Attitudes of mental health professionals toward people with schizophrenia and major depression. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(4), 709–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Schulze, B. (2007). Stigma and mental health professionals: A review of the evidence on an intricate relationship. International Review of Psychiatry, 19(2), 137–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Goodare, H., & Lockwood, S. (1999). Involving patients in clinical research: Improves the quality of research. British Medical Journal, 319(7212), 724–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Wallcraft, J., Amering, M., & Schrank, B. (Eds.). (2009). Handbook of service user involvement in mental health research. London: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Borg, M., & Kristiansen, K. (Eds.). (2009). Collaborative research: Working together in developing knowledge about mental health. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Davidson, L., Bellamy, C., Flanagan, E., Guy, K., & O’Connell, M. (2017). A participatory approach to person-centred research: Maximising opportunities for recovery. In B. McCormack, T. Eide, K. Skovdal, H. Eide, H. Kapstadand, & S. van Dulmen (Eds.), Person-centered healthcare research—‘The person in question’: The person-centered research handbook (pp. 69–83). London: Wiley.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  102. Longden, E., Corstens, D., Escher, S., & Romme, M. (2012). Voice hearing in a biographical context: A model for formulating the relationship between voices and life history. Psychosis, 4(3), 224–234.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Corstens, D., Longden, E., McCarthy-Jones, S., Waddingham, R., & Thomas, N. (2014). Emerging perspectives from the hearing voices movement: Implications for research and practice. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 40(Suppl. 4), S285–S294.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Davidson, L., Ridgway, P., O’Connell, M. J., & Kirk, T. A. (2014). Transforming mental health care through the participation of the recovery community. In G. Nelson, B. Kloos, & J. Ornelas (Eds.), Community psychology and community mental health: Towards transformative change (pp. 90–107). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Interdepartmental Serious Mental Illness Coordinating Committee. (2017). The way forward: Federal action for a system that works for all people living with SMI and SED and their families and caregivers. Rockville, MD: US Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://store.samhsa.gov/shin/content/PEP17-ISMICC-RTC/PEP17-ISMICC-RTC.pdf.

  106. Costa, M., Baker, M., Davidson, L., Giard, J., Guillorn, L., González, … O’Connell, M. (2017). Provider perspectives on employment for persons with serious mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(7), 632–640.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Larry Davidson & Timothy Schmutte

Authors
  1. Larry Davidson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Timothy Schmutte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Howard H. Goldman

  2. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard G. Frank

  3. Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Joseph P. Morrissey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Davidson, L., Schmutte, T. (2020). What Is the Meaning of Recovery?. In: Goldman, H., Frank, R., Morrissey, J. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11908-9_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation