Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Policy Effects on Mental Health Status and Mental Health Care Disparities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy

Abstract

Policies that are directed at increasing access to mental health care for ethnic minority communities are needed. However, our review suggests that insurance alone is unlikely to result in substantial decreases in mental healthcare disparities for ethnic minority communities. We also consider disparities affecting sexual and gender minority populations, undocumented individuals, and African Americans and Latinos who are unjustly incarcerated. Comprehensive programs, such as collaborative care within health care settings, are needed to decrease these disparities. We propose that quality of care for healthcare organizations should include measures of disparities so that eliminating disparities would be considered an indicator of high-quality care. Mental health policy advocates should not only support policies that increase access to quality care for minorities, but also support anti-discrimination policies that are likely to have a major impact on the mental health status and mental healthcare use of minority populations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. McGuire, T. G., & Miranda, J. (2008). New evidence regarding racial and ethnic disparities in mental health: Policy implications. Health Affairs, 27(2), 393–403. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.27.2.393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nelson, A. R., Stith, A. Y., & Smedley, B. D. (2002). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2008). The Secretary’s Advisory Committee on National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives for 2020. Phase I Report: Recommendations for the framework and format of Healthy People 2020. Section IV. Advisory Committee findings and recommendations.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Safran, M. A., Mays, R. A., Jr., Huang, L. N., McCuan, R., Pham, P. K., Fisher, S. K., … Trachtenberg, A. (2009). Mental health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 99(11), 1962–1966.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Heckler, M. M. (1985). Report of the secretary’s task force report on black and minority health volume I: Executive summary (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Trans.). Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  6. National Center for Health Statistics. (2012). Healthy People 2010 Final Review. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Warnecke, R. B., Oh, A., Breen, N., Gehlert, S., Paskett, E., Tucker, K. L., … Flack, J. (2008). Approaching health disparities from a population perspective: The National Institutes of Health Centers for population health and health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 98(9), 1608–1615.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Office of the Surgeon General, Center for Mental Health Services, & National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity—A supplement to mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Graham, R., Berkowitz, B., Blum, R., Bockting, W., Bradford, J., de Vries, B., … Kasprzyk, D. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.

    Google Scholar 

  10. The National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. (2018). Statement on harmful consequences of separating families at the U.S. border. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Neighbors, H. W., Trierweiler, S. J., Ford, B. C., & Muroff, J. R. (2003). Racial differences in DSM diagnosis using a semi-structured instrument: The importance of clinical judgment in the diagnosis of African Americans. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 237–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2013). Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Mental health findings (NSDUH Series H-47). Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Vega, W. A., Kolody, B., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alderete, E., Catalano, R., & Caraveo-Anduaga, J. (1998). Lifetime prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders among urban and rural Mexican Americans in California. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(9), 771–778. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.9.771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Alegría, M., Canino, G., Shrout, P. E., Woo, M., Duan, N., Vila, D., … Meng, X.-L. (2008). Prevalence of mental illness in immigrant and non-immigrant U.S. Latino groups. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(3), 359–369. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07040704.

  16. Alegría, M., Mulvaney-Day, N., Woo, M., Torres, M., Gao, S., & Oddo, V. (2007). Correlates of past-year mental health service use among Latinos: Results from the National Latino and Asian American Study. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 76–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Takeuchi, D. T., Zane, N., Hong, S., Chae, D. H., Gong, F., Gee, G. C., … Alegría, M. (2007). Immigration-related factors and mental disorders among Asian Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 84–90.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Williams, D. R., Haile, R., González, H. M., Neighbors, H., Baser, R., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). The mental health of Black Caribbean immigrants: Results from the National Survey of American Life. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 52–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Beals, J., Manson, S. M., Whitesell, N. R., Spicer, P., Novins, D. K., & Mitchell, C. M. (2005). Prevalence of DSM-IV disorders and attendant help-seeking in 2 American Indian reservation populations. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(1), 99–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pascoe, E. A., & Smart Richman, L. (2009). Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016059.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Cook, B. L., Trinh, N.-H., Li, Z., Hou, S. S.-Y., & Progovac, A. M. (2017). Trends in racial-ethnic disparities in access to mental health care, 2004–2012. Psychiatric Services, 68(1), 9–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sareen, J., Jagdeo, A., Cox, B. J., Clara, I., ten Have, M., Belik, S.-L., … Stein, M. B. (2007). Perceived barriers to mental health service utilization in the United States, Ontario, and the Netherlands. Psychiatric Services, 58(3), 357–364. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.58.3.357.

  23. Hayes, S. L., Riley, P., Radley, D. C., & McCarthy, D. (2017). Reducing racial and ethnic disparities in access to care: Has the Affordable Care Act made a difference? Issue Brief (Commonwealth Fund), 2017, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Alegría, M., Canino, G., Ríos, R., Vera, M., Calderón, J., Rusch, D., & Ortega, A. (2002). Inequalities in use of specialty mental health services among Latinos, African Americans, and non-Latino whites. Psychiatric Services, 53(12), 1547–1555.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Jackson, J. S., Neighbors, H. W., Torres, M., Martin, L. A., Williams, D. R., & Baser, R. (2007). Use of mental health services and subjective satisfaction with treatment among Black Caribbean immigrants: Results from the National Survey of American Life. American Journal of Public Health, 97(1), 60–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Alegría, M., Cao, Z., McGuire, T. G., Ojeda, V. D., Sribney, B., Woo, M., & Takeuchi, D. (2006). Health insurance coverage for vulnerable populations: Contrasting Asian Americans and Latinos in the United States. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 43(3), 231–254.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Lindrooth, R. C., Lo Sasso, A. T., & Lurie, I. Z. (2006). The effect of distance to provider on employee response to changes in mental health benefits. Health Economics, 15(10), 1133–1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McCarthy, J. F., Blow, F. C., Valenstein, M., Fischer, E. P., Owen, R. R., Barry, K. L., … Ignacio, R. V. (2007). Veterans Affairs Health System and mental health treatment retention among patients with serious mental illness: Evaluating accessibility and availability barriers. Health Services Research, 42(3p1), 1042–1060.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Dinwiddie, G. Y., Gaskin, D. J., Chan, K. S., Norrington, J., & McCleary, R. (2013). Residential segregation, geographic proximity and type of services used: Evidence for racial/ethnic disparities in mental health. Social Science and Medicine, 80, 67–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Bishop, T. F., Press, M. J., Keyhani, S., & Pincus, H. A. (2014). Acceptance of insurance by psychiatrists and the implications for access to mental health care. Journal American Medical Association Psychiatry, 71(2), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2862.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Cochran, S. D., Björkenstam, C., & Mays, V. M. (2017). Sexual orientation differences in functional limitations, disability, and mental health services use: Results from the 2013–2014 National Health Interview Survey. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 85(12), 1111–1121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kerridge, B. T., Pickering, R. P., Saha, T. D., Ruan, W. J., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., … Hasin, D. S. (2017). Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and DSM-5 substance use disorders and other psychiatric disorders among sexual minorities in the United States. Drug and alcohol dependence, 170, 82–92.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.152942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2009). Burden of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in the California Quality of Life Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 647–658.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES III. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4), 573–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Gilman, S. E., Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Hughes, M., Ostrow, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same-sex sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 933–939. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.91.6.933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Marshal, M. P., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., King, K. M., Miles, J., Gold, M. A., … Morse, J. Q. (2008). Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: A meta-analysis and methodological review. Addiction, 103(4), 546–556.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., … Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115–123.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Bolton, S.-L., & Sareen, J. (2011). Sexual orientation and its relation to mental disorders and suicide attempts: Findings from a nationally representative sample. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56(1), 35–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371105600107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 51(3), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v51n03_04.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Kann, L., Olsen, E. O. M., McManus, T., Harris, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., … Whittle, L. (2016). Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-related behaviors among students in grades 9–12—United States and selected sites, 2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Suveillance Summaries, 65(9), 1–202.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., West, B. T., & McCabe, S. E. (2014). Discrimination and mental health among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0098851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Walch, S. E., Ngamake, S. T., Bovornusvakool, W., & Walker, S. V. (2016). Discrimination, internalized homophobia, and concealment in sexual minority physical and mental health. Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, 3(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Platt, L. F., Wolf, J. K., & Scheitle, C. P. (2017). Patterns of mental health care utilization among sexual orientation minority groups. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(2), 135–153.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Grella, C. E., Cochran, S. D., Greenwell, L., & Mays, V. M. (2011). Effects of sexual orientation and gender on perceived need for treatment by persons with and without mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 62(4), 404–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Hainmueller, J., Lawrence, D., Martén, L., Black, B., Figueroa, L., Hotard, M., … Swartz, J. J. (2017). Protecting unauthorized immigrant mothers improves their children’s mental health. Science, 357(6355), 1041–1044. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan5893.

  47. Garcini, L., Murray, K., Zhou, A., Klonoff, E., Myers, M., & Elder, J. (2016). Mental health of undocumented immigrant adults in the United States: A systematic review of methodology and findings. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 14(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2014.998849.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J. D., … Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012.

  49. Passel, J. S., & Cohn, D. V. (2009). A portrait of unauthorized immigrants in the United States. Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bernhardt, A., Milkman, R., Theodore, N., Heckathorn, D., Auer, M., DeFilippis, J., … Spille, M. (2009). Broken laws, unprotected workers: Violations of employment and labor laws in America’s cities: National Employment Law Project, Center for Urban Economic Development. UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Hacker, K., Anies, M., Folb, B. L., & Zallman, L. (2015). Barriers to health care for undocumented immigrants: A literature review. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 8, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S70173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Perez, M. C., & Fortuna, L. (2005). Chapter 6. Psychosocial stressors, psychiatric diagnoses and utilization of mental health services among undocumented immigrant Latinos. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Services, 3(1–2), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.1300/j191v03n01_06.

  53. Salas, L. M., Ayón, C., & Gurrola, M. (2013). Estamos traumados: The effect of anti-immigrant sentiment and policies on the mental health of Mexican immigrant families. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(8), 1005–1020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Adashi, E. Y., Geiger, H. J., & Fine, M. D. (2010). Health care reform and primary care—The growing importance of the community health center. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(22), 2047–2050. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1003729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Berk, M. L., & Schur, C. L. (2001). The effect of fear on access to care among undocumented Latino immigrants. Journal of Immigrant Health, 3(3), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011389105821.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Bauer, A. M., Chen, C.-N., & Alegría, M. (2010). English language proficiency and mental health service use among Latino and Asian Americans with mental disorders. Medical Care, 48(12), 1097–1104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Derr, A. S. (2015). Mental health service use among immigrants in the United States: A systematic review. Psychiatric Services, 67(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Ortega, A. N., Fang, H., Perez, V. H., Rizzo, J. A., Carter-Pokras, O., Wallace, S. P., & Gelberg, L. (2007). Health care access, use of services, and experiences among undocumented Mexicans and other Latinos. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167(21), 2354–2360. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.167.21.2354.

  59. Whitbeck, L. B., Adams, G. W., Hoyt, D. R., & Chen, X. (2004). Conceptualizing and measuring historical trauma among American Indian people. American Journal of Community Psychology, 33(3–4), 119–130. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AJCP.0000027000.77357.31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Redfield, S. E., & Nance, J. P. (2016). School-to-prison pipeline: Coalition on Racial and Ethnic Justice, Criminal Justice Section and Council for Racial & Ethnic Diversity in the Educational Pipeline. Chicago: American Bar Association.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Raifman, J., Moscoe, E., Austin, S. B., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., & Galea, S. (2018). Association of state laws permitting denial of services to same-sex couples with mental distress in sexual minority adults: A difference-in-difference-in-differences analysis. Journal American Medical Association Psychiatry, 75(7), 671–677. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0757.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Bor, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Williams, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2018). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of black Americans: A population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31130-9.

  64. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2012). National healthcare disparities report. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Weiss, A., Long, S. K., Ramos, C., & Coughlin, T. (2016). Federally Qualified Health Centers’ importance in the Safety Net Continues as Affordable Care Act implementation moves ahead. Urban Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Miranda, J., Bernal, G., Lau, A., Kohn, L., Hwang, W.-C., & LaFromboise, T. (2005). State of the science on psychosocial interventions for ethnic minorities. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 113–142. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Ratzliff, A. D., Ni, K., Chan, Y.-F., Park, M., & Unützer, J. (2013). A collaborative care approach to depression treatment for Asian Americans. Psychiatric Services, 64(5), 487–490. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.001742012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2017). Engagement: A new standard for mental health care. Arlington, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kreyenbuhl, J., Nossel, I. R., & Dixon, L. B. (2009). Disengagement from mental health treatment among individuals with schizophrenia and strategies for facilitating connections to care: A review of the literature. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(4), 696–703. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbp046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Wang, P. S., Lane, M., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A., Wells, K. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2005). Twelve-month use of mental health services in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 629–640.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Busch, A. B., Lehman, A. F., Goldman, H., & Frank, R. G. (2009). Changes over time and disparities in schizophrenia treatment quality. Medical Care, 47(2), 199–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Virnig, B., Huang, Z., Lurie, N., Musgrave, D., McBean, A. M., & Dowd, B. (2004). Does Medicare managed care provide equal treatment for mental illness across races? Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(2), 201–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Warden, D., Trivedi, M. H., Wisniewski, S. R., Davis, L., Nierenberg, A. A., Gaynes, B. N., … Howland, R. (2007). Predictors of attrition during initial (citalopram) treatment for depression: A STAR* D report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(8), 1189–1197.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Interian, A., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Dixon, L. B. (2013). Improving treatment engagement of underserved US racial-ethnic groups: A review of recent interventions. Psychiatric Services, 64(3), 212–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Miranda, J., Duan, N., Sherbourne, C., Schoenbaum, M., Lagomasino, I., Jackson-Triche, M., & Wells, K. B. (2003). Improving care for minorities: Can quality improvement interventions improve care and outcomes for depressed minorities? Results of a randomized, controlled trial. Health Services Research, 38(2), 613–630. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.00136.

  76. Ngo, V. K., Asarnow, J. R., Lange, J., Jaycox, L. H., Rea, M. M., Landon, C., … Miranda, J. (2009). Outcomes for youths from racial-ethnic minority groups in a quality improvement intervention for depression treatment. Psychiatric Services, 60(10), 1357–1364. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.10.1357.

  77. Nuru-Jeter, A. M., Thorpe, R. J., Jr., & Fuller-Thomson, E. (2011). Black-white differences in self-reported disability outcomes in the US: Early childhood to older adulthood. Public Health Reports, 126(6), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491112600609.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Leigh, W. A., & Huff, D. (2007). African Americans and social security disability insurance (pp. 1–10). Washington, DC: Joint Centre for Political and economic Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Sartorius, N. (2018). Depression and diabetes. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 20(1), 47–52.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Carson, E. A., & Sabol, W. J. (2012). Prisoners in 2011 (T. Bureau of Justice Statistics, Trans., and J. Thomas, Ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Criminal Justice Fact Sheet. Retrieved from http://www.naacp.org/criminal-justice-fact-sheet/. Accessed January 8, 2018.

  82. Malliori, M., Golna, C., Souliotis, K., & Kraus, M. (2015). Mental health impact of the war on drugs. BJPsych international, 12(3), 53–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Thornton, J. (2002). Estimating a health production function for the US: Some new evidence. Applied Economics, 34(1), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840010025650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Alegria, M., Perez, D. J., & Williams, S. (2003). The role of public policies in reducing mental health status disparities for people of color. Health Affairs, 22(5), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.22.5.51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., Salter, N. P., Vasey, J. J., Starks, M. T., & Sinclair, K. O. (2005). Predicting the suicide attempts of lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(6), 646–660. https://doi.org/10.1521/suli.2005.35.6.646.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Choi, S. K., Wilson, B. D., Shelton, J., & Gates, G. J. (2015). Serving our youth 2015: The needs and experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning youth experiencing homelessness. Los Angeles, CA: The Williams Institute with True Colors Fund.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Wilson, B. D., Cooper, K., Kastanis, A., & Nezhad, S. (2014). Sexual and gender minority youth in foster care: Assessing disproportionality and disparities in Los Angeles. Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Irvine, A., & Canfield, A. (2016). The overrepresentation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, questioning, gender nonconforming and transgender youth within the child welfare to juvenile justice crossover population. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law, 24(2), 243–261.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wilson, B. D., Jordan, S. P., Meyer, I. H., Flores, A. R., Stemple, L., & Herman, J. L. (2017). Disproportionality and disparities among sexual minority youth in custody. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(7), 1547–1561.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Center for American Progress & Movement Advancement Project. (2016). Unjust: How the broken criminal justice system fails LGBTQ youth. Washington, DC and Denver, CO.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Hunt, J., & Moodie-Mills, A. C. (2012). The unfair criminalization of gay and transgender youth: An overview of the experiences of LGBT youth in the juvenile justice system (Vol. 29). Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Hardy, L. J., Getrich, C. M., Quezada, J. C., Guay, A., Michalowski, R. J., & Henley, E. (2012). A call for further research on the impact of state-level immigration policies on public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1250–1253. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Toomey, R. B., Umaña-Taylor, A. J., Williams, D. R., Harvey-Mendoza, E., Jahromi, L. B., & Updegraff, K. A. (2014). Impact of Arizona’s SB 1070 immigration law on utilization of health care and public assistance among Mexican-origin adolescent mothers and their mother figures. American Journal of Public Health, 104(S1), S28–S34. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Rhodes, S. D., Mann, L., Simán, F. M., Song, E., Alonzo, J., Downs, M., … O’brien, M. C. (2015). The impact of local immigration enforcement policies on the health of immigrant Hispanics/Latinos in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2014.302218.

  95. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2017, July 2; 2018). Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA): Population data as of September 4, 2017. Immigration and Citizenship Data. Retrieved from https://www.uscis.gov/tools/reports-studies/immigration-forms-data. Accessed August 8, 2018.

  96. Venkataramani, A. S., Shah, S. J., O’Brien, R., Kawachi, I., & Tsai, A. C. (2017). Health consequences of the US Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) immigration programme: A quasi-experimental study. The Lancet Public Health, 2(4), e175–e181. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30047-6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Sudhinaraset, M., To, T. M., Ling, I., Melo, J., & Chavarin, J. (2017). The influence of deferred action for childhood arrivals on undocumented Asian and Pacific Islander young adults: Through a social determinants of health lens. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(6), 741–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.01.008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Gaffney, A., & McCormick, D. (2017). The Affordable Care Act: Implications for health-care equity. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30786-9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  99. Ali, M. M., Teich, J., Woodward, A., & Han, B. (2016). The implications of the Affordable Care Act for behavioral health services utilization. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 43(1), 11–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  100. Garfield, R., Licata, R., & Young, K. (2014). The uninsured at the starting line: Findings from the 2013 Kaiser survey of low-income Americans and the ACA.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Sohn, H. (2017). Racial and ethnic disparities in health insurance coverage: Dynamics of gaining and losing coverage over the life-course. Population Research and Policy Review, 36(2), 181–201. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9416-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Artiga, S., Ubri, P., Foutz, J., & Damico, A. (2016). Health coverage by race and ethnicity: Examining changes under the ACA and the remaining uninsured. Menlo Park, CA: The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Cohen, R. A., Martinez, M. E., & Zammitti, E. P. (2018). Health insurance coverage: Early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, January–March 2018. National Center for Health Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Garfield, R., Damico, A., & Orgera, K. (2018). The coverage gap: Uninsured poor adults in states that do not expand Medicaid. Menlo Park, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Zuckerman, S., Waidmann, T. A., & Lawton, E. (2011). Undocumented immigrants, left out of health reform, likely to continue to grow as share of the uninsured. Health Affairs, 30(10), 1997–2004. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. DeNavas-Walt, C., Proctor, B. D., & Smith, J. C. (2013). Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2012. In U. S. C. Bureau (Ed.), Current Population Reports, P60-245. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Creedon, T. B., & Lê Cook, B. (2016). Access to mental health care increased but not for substance use, while disparities remain. Health Affairs, 35(6), 1017–1021. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2016.0098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Dawson, L., & Kates, J. (2018). The Affordable Care Act and insurance coverage changes by sexual orientation. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/the-affordable-care-act-and-insurance-coverage-changes-by-sexual-orientation/. Accessed August 9, 2018.

  109. Kates, J., Ranji, U., Beamesderfer, A., Salganicoff, A., & Dawson, L. (2018). Health and access to care and coverage for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals in the U.S. (Issue Brief). Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/disparities-policy/issue-brief/health-and-access-to-care-and-coverage-for-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-individuals-in-the-u-s/. Accessed August 9, 2018.

  110. Health Resources & Services Administration. (2018). Medically Underserved Areas/Populations (MUA/P). Data Warehouse. Retrieved from https://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/tools/DataPortalResults.aspx?paramServiceId=MUA&paramFilterId=D. Accessed January 9, 2018.

  111. Human Resources & Services Administration. (2016). 2016 Health center data—Program grantee data (Full Report). Retrieved August 9, 2018.

    Google Scholar 

  112. National Association of Community Health Centers. (2017). Community Health Center Chartbook. Retrieved from http://www.nachc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Chartbook2017.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2018.

  113. Health Resources & Services Administration. (2018). Health Center Program Look-Alikes. Retrieved from https://bphc.hrsa.gov/programopportunities/lookalike/index.html. Accessed August 9, 2018.

  114. Heisler, E. J. (2017). Federal health centers: An overview (pp. 1–38). Washington: DC.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Druss, B. G., Bornemann, T., Fry-Johnson, Y. W., McCombs, H. G., Politzer, R. M., & Rust, G. (2008). Trends in mental health and substance abuse services at the nation’s community health centers: 1998–2003. American Journal of Public Health, 98(Suppl. 1), S126–S131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Udow-Phillips, M., Fangmeier, J., & Lawton, E. (2016). The effects of the Affordable Care Act on Federally Qualified Health Centers in Michigan. Ann Arbor, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Goldstein, E. V. (2017). Integrating mental and physical health care for low-income Americans: Assessing a federal program’s initial impact on access and cost. Healthcare, 5(3), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5030032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Wright, D. B., & Ricketts, T. C. (2013). When patients govern: Federal grant funding and uncompensated care at federally qualified health centers. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 24(2), 954–967. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.2013.0068.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  119. Martos, A. J., Wilson, P. A., & Meyer, I. H. (2017). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health services in the United States: Origins, evolution, and contemporary landscape. PLoS One, 12(7), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  120. Zong, J., & Batalova, J. (2015). The limited English proficient population in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/limited-english-proficient-population-united-states.

  121. Sentell, T., Shumway, M., & Snowden, L. (2007). Access to mental health treatment by English language proficiency and race/ethnicity. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(2), 289–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  122. Chen, A. H., Youdelman, M. K., & Brooks, J. (2007). The legal framework for language access in healthcare settings: Title VI and beyond. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(2), 362–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  123. McClellan, S. R., Wu, F. M., & Snowden, L. R. (2012). The impact of threshold language assistance programming on the accessibility of mental health services for persons with limited English proficiency in the Medi-Cal setting. Medical Care, 50(6), 554–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Wallace, S. P., Torres, J., Sadegh-Nobari, T., Pourat, N., & Brown, E. R. (2012). Undocumented immigrants and health care reform: Final report to The Commonwealth Fund. UCLA Center for Health Policy Research.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Committee on the Changing Market, Managed Care, the Future Viability of Safety Net Providers, & Institute of Medicine. (2000). America’s health care safety net: Intact but endangered. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Bessaha, M. L., Shumway, M., Smith, M. E., Bright, C. L., & Unick, G. J. (2017). Predictors of hospital length and cost of stay in a national sample of adult patients with psychotic disorders. Psychiatric Services, 68(6), 559–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Coughlin, T. A., Long, S. K., Peters, R., Rudowitz, R., & Garfield, R. (2015). Evolving picture of nine safety-net hospitals: Implications of the ACA and other strategies. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Network, California Pan-Ethnic Health. (2018). California reducing disparities project: Strategic plan to reduce mental health disparities. CA: Oakland.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Mutamba, B. B., van Ginneken, N., Paintain, L. S., Wandiembe, S., & Schellenberg, D. (2013). Roles and effectiveness of lay community health workers in the prevention of mental, neurological and substance use disorders in low and middle income countries: A systematic review. BioMed Central Health Services Research, 13, 412–423. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-412.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jeanne Miranda & Rupinder K. Legha

  2. Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Jeanne Miranda

  3. Health Policy and Management Division, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Lonnie R. Snowden

Authors
  1. Jeanne Miranda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lonnie R. Snowden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rupinder K. Legha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Howard H. Goldman

  2. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Richard G. Frank

  3. Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Joseph P. Morrissey

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Miranda, J., Snowden, L.R., Legha, R.K. (2020). Policy Effects on Mental Health Status and Mental Health Care Disparities. In: Goldman, H., Frank, R., Morrissey, J. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of American Mental Health Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11908-9_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation