Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetes Management in the United States

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Diabetes Textbook

  • 3917 Accesses

Abstract

In the United States, diabetes affects approximately 10% of the population, and in 2017, this equated to an estimated 30.3 million Americans with diabetes. Type 2 or insulin-independent diabetes accounts for the majority (~90–95%) of cases in the United States. Furthermore, approximately one-third of US adults have prediabetes, an identifiable precursor phase in which blood glucose levels are above normal but not yet in the diagnostic range for diabetes, and one’s risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases five to twelvefold.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2017. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2017 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf.

  2. Gerstein HC, et al. Annual incidence and relative risk of diabetes in people with various categories of dysglycemia: a systematic overview and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;78(3):305–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Menke A, et al. Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988-2012. JAMA. 2015;314(10):1021–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2014 [cited 2017 February]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf.

  5. American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(4):1033–46.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Thorpe KE, Ogden LL, Galactionova K. Chronic conditions account for rise in Medicare spending from 1987 to 2006. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(4):718–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ali MK, et al. A cascade of care for diabetes in the United States: visualizing the gaps. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(10):681–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Wills AK, et al. Maternal and paternal height and BMI and patterns of fetal growth: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Early Hum Dev. 2010;86(9):535–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Lin SF, Lin JD, Huang YY. Diabetic ketoacidosis: comparisons of patient characteristics, clinical presentations and outcomes today and 20 years ago. Chang Gung Med J. 2005;28(1):24–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Otto MH, et al. Diabetic ketoacidosis in Denmark: incidence and mortality estimated from public health registries. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76(1):51–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Chaturvedi N. The burden of diabetes and its complications: trends and implications for intervention. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;76(1):S3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zimmet P. Preventing diabetic complications: a primary care perspective. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;84(2):107–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Raheja BS, et al. DiabCare Asia–India Study: diabetes care in India–current status. J Assoc Physicians India. 2001;49:717–22.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Danaei G, et al. Global and regional mortality from ischaemic heart disease and stroke attributable to higher-than-optimum blood glucose concentration: comparative risk assessment. Lancet. 2006;368(9548):1651–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Aschner P. Diabetes trends in Latin America. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18(S3):S27–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Stamler J, et al. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16(2):434–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):137–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Cheng YJ, Imperatore G, Geiss LS, Wang J, Saydah SH, Cowie CC, Gregg EW. Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among U.S. adults: 1988–2010. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2690–96.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Plantinga LC, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:673.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Li Y, et al. Awareness of prediabetes – United States, 2005–2010. Morbid Mortal Wkly. 2013;62(11):209–12.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Diabetes Prevention Program Research, G. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. The Lancet. 374(9702):1677–86.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Lindstrom J, et al. Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: long-term follow-up of the randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia. 2013;56(2):284–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hoerger TJ, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(9):689–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Gillies CL, et al. Different strategies for screening and prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2008;336(7654):1180–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes and dysglycemia. Epidemiol Rev. 2011;33(1):63–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2013. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 1):S11–66.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148(11):846–54.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Siu AL. Screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement screening for abnormal blood glucose and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(11):861–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Bullard KM, et al. Receipt of glucose testing and performance of two US diabetes screening guidelines, 2007–2012. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0125249.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. O’Brien MJ, et al. Detecting dysglycemia using the 2015 United States preventive services task force screening criteria: a cohort analysis of community health center patients. PLoS Med. 2016;13(7):e1002074.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nathan DM, et al. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(25):2643–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Tandon N, Ali MK, Narayan KM. Pharmacologic prevention of microvascular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: implications of the results of recent clinical trials in type 2 diabetes. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2012;12(1):7–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Chalmers J, Arima H. Management of hypertension: evidence from the Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists’ Collaboration and from major clinical trials. Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2009;119(6):373–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists, C. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174 000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;385(9976):1397–405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mohiuddin SM, et al. Intensive smoking cessation intervention reduces mortality in high-risk smokers with cardiovascular disease. Chest. 2007;131(2):446–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ahmann AJ. Guidelines and performance measures for diabetes. Am J Manag Care. 2007;13(Suppl 2):S41–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Pogach L, Aron DC. Sudden acceleration of diabetes quality measures. JAMA. 2011;305(7):709–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. MN Community Measurement. 2012 health care quality report. 2012 [cited 2013 November]; Available from: http://mncm.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2012_Final_HealthCareQualityReport_2.18.13.pdf.

  40. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2014. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(Supplement 1):S14–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. International Diabetes Federation. IDF clinical practice guidelines. 2013 [cited 2014 March]; Available from: http://www.idf.org/guidelines.

  42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Preventing type 2 diabetes – risk identification and interventions for individuals at high risk (PH38). Public Health Guidance 2013 [cited 2013 July 25]; Available from: http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?action=byID&o=13791.

  43. Klein R, et al., The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. IX. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is less than 30 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(2):237–43.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Klein, R., et al., The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107(2):244–9.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, et al. Screening intervals for diabetic retinopathy and incidence of visual loss: a systematic review. Diabet Med. 2013;30(11):1272–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group, et al. Ophthalmology. 1981;88(7):583–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(5 Suppl):766–85.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Boulton AJ, et al. The global burden of diabetic foot disease. Lancet. 2005;366(9498):1719–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Boulton AJM. The diabetic foot: a global view. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000;16(S1):S2–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Fernando DJ. The prevalence of neuropathic foot ulceration in Sri Lankan diabetic patients. Ceylon Med J. 1996;41(3):96–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Björk S. The cost of diabetes and diabetes care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2001;54(Supplement 1):13–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Oyibo SO, et al. The effects of ulcer size and site, patient’s age, sex and type and duration of diabetes on the outcome of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabet Med. 2001;18(2):133–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Boulton AJM, et al. Comprehensive Foot Examination and Risk Assessment: a report of the Task Force of the Foot Care Interest Group of the American Diabetes Association, with endorsement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1679–85.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Association, A.D. 9. Microvascular complications and foot care. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(Supplement 1):S58–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Colquhoun AJ, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in reducing hospital admissions in people with diabetes. Epidemiol Infect. 1997;119(3):335–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Heymann AD, et al. Reduced hospitalizations and death associated with influenza vaccination among patients with and without diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(11):2581–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lau D, et al. Effectiveness of influenza vaccination in working-age adults with diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Thorax. 2013;68(7):658–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Pozzilli P, et al. The immune response to influenza vaccination in diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 1986;29(12):850–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Rodriguez-Blanco T, et al. Relationship between annual influenza vaccination and winter mortality in diabetic people over 65 years. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2012;8(3):363–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ali MK, et al. Achievement of goals in U.S. diabetes care, 1999–2010. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1613–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Gregg EW, et al. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States, 1990–2010. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(16):1514–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gregg EW, et al. Trends in lifetime risk and years of life lost due to diabetes in the USA, 1985–2011: a modelling study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(11):867–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes surveillance system. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [cited 2017 February]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/national.html.

  64. Griffin S. Diabetes care in general practice: meta-analysis of randomised control trials. BMJ. 1998;317(7155):390–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  65. Atlas SJ, et al. Patient-physician connectedness and quality of primary care. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(5):325–35.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Morrison F, et al. Performance of primary care physicians and other providers on key process measures in the treatment of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1147–52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Saudek CD. The role of primary care professionals in managing diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2002;20(2):65–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Ashman J, Talwalkar A, Taylor S. Age differences in visits to office-based physicians by patients with diabetes: United States, 2010. In: NCHS data brief. Hyattsville: National Center for Health Statistics; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Paris FR. Health at a Glance 2015. How the United States Compare?

    Google Scholar 

  70. Peters AL, et al. Quality of outpatient care provided to diabetic patients. A health maintenance organization experience. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(6):601–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ali MK, Bullard KM, Gregg EW. Achievement of goals in U.S. Diabetes Care, 1999–2010. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(3):287–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Zgibor JC, Songer TJ. External barriers to diabetes care: addressing personal and health systems issues. Diabetes Spectr. 2001;14(1):23–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Grintsova O, Maier W, Mielck A. Inequalities in health care among patients with type 2 diabetes by individual socio-economic status (SES) and regional deprivation: a systematic literature review. Int J Equity Health. 2014;13:43.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Connolly V, et al. Diabetes prevalence and socioeconomic status: a population based study showing increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in deprived areas. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(3):173–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Zhang JX, et al. Insurance status and quality of diabetes care in community health centers. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(4):742–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Zhang X, et al. Access to health care and control of ABCs of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(7):1566–71.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Saaddine JB, et al. A diabetes report card for the United States: quality of care in the 1990s. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(8):565–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Schmittdiel JA, et al. Why don’t diabetes patients achieve recommended risk factor targets? Poor adherence versus lack of treatment intensification. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):588–94.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Osterberg L, Blaschke T. Adherence to medication. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(5):487–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Marathe PH, Gao HX, Close KL. American Diabetes Association standards of medical care in diabetes 2017. J Diabetes. 2017;9(4):320–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Karter AJ, et al. Barriers to insulin initiation: the translating research into action for diabetes insulin starts project. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):733–5.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  82. Ratanawongsa N, et al. Getting under the skin of clinical inertia in insulin initiation: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Insulin Starts Project. Diabetes Educ. 2012;38(1):94–100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. The TRIAD Study Group. Health Systems, Patients Factors, and Quality of care for diabetes: a synthesis of findings from the TRIAD Study. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(4):940–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  84. Munshi MN, et al. Assessment of barriers to improve diabetes management in older adults: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(3):543–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Reed M, et al. Outpatient electronic health records and the clinical care and outcomes of patients with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(7):482–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  86. Karter AJ, et al. Out-of-pocket costs and diabetes preventive services: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(8):2294–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Geiss LS, et al. Increasing prevalence of diagnosed diabetes — United States and Puerto Rico, 1995–2010. Morbid Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR). 2012;61(45):918–21.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Geiss LS, et al. Prevalence and incidence trends for diagnosed diabetes among adults aged 20 to 79 years, United States, 1980–2012. JAMA. 2014;312(12):1218–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States, 2014. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2014; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf.

  90. Institute of, M. In: Brian DS, Adrienne YS, Alan RN, editors. Unequal treatment: confronting racial and ethnic disparities in health care (full printed version). Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Sequist TD, et al. Physician performance and racial disparities in diabetes mellitus care. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(11):1145–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Brown AF, et al. Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, and quality of care for adults with diabetes enrolled in managed care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(12):2864–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Gregg EW, Williams DE, Geiss L. Changes in diabetes-related complications in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(3):286–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Bird CE, Fremont A, Hanson M. Mapping gender differences in cardiovascular disease and diabetes care: a pilot assessment of LDL cholesterol testing rates in a California health plan. Rand Health Q. 2014;4(1):5.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Sarafidis PA, McFarlane SI, Bakris GL. Gender disparity in outcomes of care and management for diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2006;6(3):219–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Chou AF, et al. Gender and racial disparities in the management of diabetes mellitus among Medicare patients. Womens Health Issues. 2007;17(3):150–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Ferrara A, et al. Sex disparities in control and treatment of modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors among patients with diabetes: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(1):69–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Gaskin DJ, et al. Disparities in diabetes: the nexus of race, poverty, and place. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(11):2147–55.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. Bailey SC, et al. Update on health literacy and diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2014;40(5):581–604.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  100. Institute of, M. In: Lynn N-B, Allison MP, David AK, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Hogan DR, et al. Estimating the potential impact of insurance expansion on undiagnosed and uncontrolled chronic conditions. Health Aff. 2015;34(9):1554–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Hu R, et al. Insurance, racial/ethnic, SES-related disparities in quality of care among US adults with diabetes. J Immigr Minor Health. 2014;16(4):565–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Sequist TD, et al. Primary-care clinician perceptions of racial disparities in diabetes care. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(5):678–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  104. White RO, Beech BM, Miller S. Health care disparities and diabetes care: practical considerations for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2009;27(3):105–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Racial and ethnic approaches to community health (REACH). [cited 2017 June 24]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/reach/.

  106. Burrus BB, Liburd LC, Burroughs A. Maximizing participation by black Americans in population-based diabetes research: the Project DIRECT pilot experience. J Community Health. 1998;23(1):15–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Leonard Jack J, et al. Influence of the environmental context on diabetes self-management: a rationale for developing a new research paradigm in diabetes education. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25(5):775–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  108. Liburd LC, et al. Body size and body shape: perceptions of black women with diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 1999;25(3):382–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Engelgau MM, et al. A project to reduce the burden of diabetes in the African-American Community: Project DIRECT. J Natl Med Assoc. 1998;90(10):605–13.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  110. Brown JB, Nichols GA, Perry A. The burden of treatment failure in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(7):1535–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Renders CM, et al. Interventions to improve the management of diabetes in primary care, outpatient, and community settings: a systematic review. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(10):1821–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Tricco AC, et al. Effectiveness of quality improvement strategies on the management of diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379(9833):2252–61.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Griffin SJ, et al. Effect of early intensive multifactorial therapy on 5-year cardiovascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes detected by screening (ADDITION-Europe): a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9786):156–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  114. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Organizing care for patients with chronic illness. Milbank Q. 1996;74(4):511–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Gaede P, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(5):383–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Institute of Medicine. In: Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, editor. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  117. O’Connor PJ, et al. Variation in quality of diabetes care at the levels of patient, physician, and clinic. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(1):A15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Schmittdiel JA, et al. The effectiveness of diabetes care management in managed care. Am J Manag Care. 2009;15(5):295–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. McMahon GT, Dluhy RG. Diabetes report card–time for a winning streak. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(17):1650–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Stellefson M, Dipnarine K, Stopka C. The chronic care model and diabetes management in US primary care settings: a systematic review. Prev Chronic Dis. 2013;10:E26.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  121. Raney LE. Integrating primary care and behavioral health: the role of the psychiatrist in the collaborative care model. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(8):721–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Katon WJ, et al. Collaborative care for patients with depression and chronic illnesses. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2611–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  123. Rossom RC, et al. Impact of a national collaborative care initiative for patients with depression and diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2017;44:77–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Lustman PJ, et al. Fluoxetine for depression in diabetes: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(5):618–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  125. Lustman PJ, et al. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Psychosom Med. 1997;59(3):241–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Lustman PJ, et al. Cognitive behavior therapy for depression in type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(8):613–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Katon WJ, et al. The Pathways Study: a randomized trial of collaborative care in patients with diabetes and depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(10):1042–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Simon GE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of systematic depression treatment among people with diabetes mellitus. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007;64(1):65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Blumenthal JA, et al. Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(19):2349–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Testa MA, Simonson DC. Health economic benefits and quality of life during improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial. JAMA. 1998;280(17):1490–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Wing RR, Phelan S, Tate D. The role of adherence in mediating the relationship between depression and health outcomes. J Psychosom Res. 2002;53(4):877–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Hennink MM, et al. How are qualitative methods used in diabetes research? A 30-year systematic review. Glob Public Health. 2016;11:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Simon GE, et al. Cost-effectiveness of systematic depression treatment for high utilizers of general medical care. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(2):181–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Kates N, Craven M. Shared mental health care. Update from the Collaborative Working Group of the College of Family Physicians of Canada and the Canadian Psychiatric Association. Can Fam Physician. 2002;48:936.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  135. Meadows GN. Establishing a collaborative service model for primary mental health care. Med J Aust. 1998;168(4):162–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Wagner EH. Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Eff Clin Pract. 1998;1(1):2–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Von Korff M, et al. Collaborative management of chronic illness. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127(12):1097–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  138. Kilo CM, Wasson JH. Practice redesign and the patient-centered medical home: history, promises, and challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(5):773–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  139. Bojadzievski T, Gabbay RA. Patient-centered medical home and diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):1047–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  140. Health Affairs. Patient-centered medical homes. Health Policy Briefs 2010 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=25.

  141. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) American College of Physicians (ACP) American Osteopathic Association (AOA). Joint principles of the patient-centered medical home. 2007 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/practice_management/pcmh/initiatives/PCMHJoint.pdf.

  142. Wagner EH, Austin BT, Von Korff M. Improving outcomes in chronic illness. Manag Care Q. 1996;4(2):12–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. US Department of Veterans Affairs. Patient aligned care team (PACT). 2017 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://www.patientcare.va.gov/primarycare/PACT.asp.

  144. Kerr EA, et al. Diabetes care quality in the veterans affairs health care system and commercial managed care: the TRIAD study. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(4):272–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). Patient-centered medical home (PCMH) recognition. 2017 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.ncqa.org/Programs/Recognition/Practices/PatientCenteredMedicalHomePCMH.aspx.

  146. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). Latest evidence: benefits of the patient-centered medical home. 2017 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.ncqa.org/programs/recognition/practices/pcmh-evidence#_ftn1.

  147. Jackson GL, et al. Improving patient care. The patient centered medical home. A systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(3):169–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Gabbay RA, et al. Multipayer patient-centered medical home implementation guided by the chronic care model. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2011;37(6):265–73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Steiner BD, et al. Community care of North Carolina: improving care through community health networks. Ann Fam Med. 2008;6(4):361–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  150. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare health care quality demonstration programs—North Carolina community care networks Fact Sheet. 2010 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://innovation.cms.gov/Files/fact-sheet/MMA646-NC-CCN-Fact-Sheet.pdf.

  151. Friedberg MW, et al. Association between participation in a multipayer medical home intervention and changes in quality, utilization, and costs of care. JAMA. 2014;311(8):815–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  152. Carrier E, Gourevitch MN, Shah NR. Medical homes: challenges in translating theory into practice. Med Care. 2009;47(7):714–22.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  153. American College of Physicians. Center for practice improvement & innovation’s (CPII) two year study of 34 PCMHs. 2008 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://www.acponline.org/practice-resources/business-resources/payment/models/pcmh/resources/articles-reports-and-abstracts.

  154. National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA). HEDIS® & performance measurement. [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.ncqa.org/hedis-quality-measurement.

  155. National Diabetes Quality Improvement Alliance. In: NIDDKD (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases), editor. Performance measurement set for adult diabetes: Chicago; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare managed care manual: chapter 11 – medicare advantage application procedures and contract requirements [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Guidance/Manuals/downloads/mc86c11.pdf.

  157. US department of Health and Human Services. Payment for medicare advantage plans: policy issues and options. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: https://aspe.hhs.gov/basic-report/payment-medicare-advantage-plans-policy-issues-and-options.

  158. Health Affairs. Pay-for-performance. Health Policy Briefs 2012 [cited 2017 August 3]; Available from: http://www.healthaffairs.org/healthpolicybriefs/brief.php?brief_id=78.

  159. Rosenthal MB, Frank RG. What is the empirical basis for paying for quality in health care? Med Care Res Rev. 2006;63(2):135–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  160. Petersen LA, et al. Does pay-for-performance improve the quality of health care? Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(4):265–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Werner RM, et al. The effect of pay-for-performance in hospitals: lessons for quality improvement. Health Aff. 2011;30(4):690–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. Damberg CL, et al. Measuring success in health care value-based purchasing programs. RAND Corporation. 2014; Available from: http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR300/RR306/RAND_RR306.pdf.

  163. Committee on Redesigning Health Insurance Performance Measures, P, Performance Improvement Programs. In: I.o.M.o.t.N. Academies, editor. Rewarding provider performance: aligning incentives in medicare. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Casalino LP, et al. Will pay-for-performance and quality reporting affect health care disparities? Health Aff (Millwood). 2007;26(3):w405–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  165. Doran T, et al. Pay-for-performance programs in family practices in the United Kingdom. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(4):375–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Eijkenaar F. Key issues in the design of pay for performance programs. Eur J Health Econ. 2013;14(1):117–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. McDonald R, Roland M. Pay for performance in primary care in England and California: comparison of unintended consequences. Ann Fam Med. 2009;7(2):121–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  168. Thorpe KE. Analysis & commentary: the Affordable Care Act lays the groundwork for a national diabetes prevention and treatment strategy. Health Aff (Millwood). 2012;31(1):61–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  169. Myerson R, Laiteerapong N. The affordable care act and diabetes diagnosis and care: exploring the potential impacts. Curr Diab Rep. 2016;16(4):27.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  170. Ahmad FS, Tsang T. Diabetes prevention, health information technology, and meaningful use: challenges and opportunities. Am J Prev Med. 2013;44(4 Suppl 4):S357–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Patel V, Reed ME, Grant RW. Electronic health records and the evolution of diabetes care: a narrative review. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2015;9(3):676–80.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  172. Blumenthal D, Tavenner M. The “meaningful use” regulation for electronic health records. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(6):501–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Stroebel RJ, et al. A randomized trial of three diabetes registry implementation strategies in a community internal medicine practice. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2002;28(8):441–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Holbrook A, et al. Individualized electronic decision support and reminders to improve diabetes care in the community: COMPETE II randomized trial. CMAJ. 2009;181(1–2):37–44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  175. Gold M, Mc LC. Assessing HITECH implementation and lessons: 5 years later. Milbank Q. 2016;94(3):654–87.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  176. Narayan KM, et al. Diabetes translation research: where are we and where do we want to be? Ann Intern Med. 2004;140(11):958–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  177. Narayan KM, et al. Translation research for chronic disease: the case of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(12):1794–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Garfield SA, et al. Considerations for diabetes translational research in real-world settings. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(9):2670–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  179. Haw JS, Narayan KM, Ali MK. Quality improvement in diabetes-successful in achieving better care with hopes for prevention. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1353(1):138–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Inzucchi SE, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):140–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Ismail-Beigi F, et al. Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications of recent clinical trials. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(8):554–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  182. Khan L, Mincemoyer S, Gabbay RA. Diabetes registries: where we are and where are we headed? Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(4):255–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Rittenhouse DR, et al. Measuring the medical home infrastructure in large medical groups. Health Aff (Millwood). 2008;27(5):1246–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Emory Global Diabetes Research Center, Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Mohammed K. Ali

  2. Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Mohammed K. Ali & Megha K. Shah

  3. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and General Internal Medicine/Health Services Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Tannaz Moin

  4. HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation & Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Tannaz Moin

Authors
  1. Mohammed K. Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Megha K. Shah
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Tannaz Moin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mohammed K. Ali .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Multidisciplinary Diabetes Center, Mexico City, Mexico

    Joel Rodriguez-Saldana

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ali, M.K., Shah, M.K., Moin, T. (2019). Diabetes Management in the United States. In: Rodriguez-Saldana, J. (eds) The Diabetes Textbook. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11815-0_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11815-0_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-11814-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-11815-0

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation