Gender and Work in the United States and Patterns by Hispanic Ethnicity

Abstract

Across the globe, the pattern of gender specialization in work life repeats: men do more market work than women and women do more unpaid care work than men. This generality differs over the life course, however, as processes of growth, reproduction and aging are filtered through social institutions that affect men and women differently. It also obscures other types of variation. From country to country and within a country over time and across social groups, patterns of work by age and sex can be quite different. Using data from the American Time Use Survey, this chapter documents patterns by age and sex of working time in the United States between two time points, 2005 and 2015, and across one type of social grouping: Hispanic ethnicity. Ethnic background can have a strong effect on cultural ideas around gender roles, but those norms can change over time as well, resulting in convergence or divergence of gender differences in work life within and between groups.

Appendix. ATUS Activity Code Groups (https://www.bls.gov/tus/lexiconnoex0316.pdf)

Unpaid household work category	6-digit activity codea	Description
1. Cleaning	020101	Interior cleaning
2. Laundry	020102	Laundry
	020103	Sewing, repairing and maintaining textiles
3. Cooking	020201	Food and drink preparation
	020202	Food presentation
	020203	Kitchen and food clean-up
	020299	Food and drink prep, presentation, and clean-up, n.e.c.
4. Household maintenance and repair	020301	Interior arrangement, decoration, and repairs
	020302	Building and repairing furniture
	020303	Heating and cooling
	020399	Interior maintenance, repair and decoration, n.e.c.
	020401	Exterior cleaning
	020402	Exterior repair, improvements, and decoration
	020499	Exterior repair, improvements, and decoration, n.e.c.
	020701	Vehicle repair and maintenance (by self)
	020799	Vehicles, n.e.c.
	020801	Appliance, tool, and toy set-up, repair, and maintenance
	020899	Appliances and tools, n.e.c.
5. Lawn and garden care	020501	Lawn, garden, and houseplant care
	020502	Ponds, pools, and hot tubs
	020599	Lawn and garden, n.e.c.b
6. Household management (includes related telephone calls)	020104	Storing interior household items, including food
	020199	Housework, n.e.c.
	020901	Financial management
	020902	Household and personal organization and planning
	020903	Household and personal mail and messages (except e-mail)
	020904	Household and personal e-mail and messages
	020905	Home security
	020999	Household management, n.e.c.
	029999	Household activities, n.e.c.
	160103	Telephone calls to/from education service providers
	160104	Telephone calls to/from salespeople
	160105	Telephone calls to/from professional or personal care service providers
	160106	Telephone calls to/from household service providers
	160107	Telephone calls to/from paid child or adult service providers
	160108	Telephone calls to/from government officials
7. Pet care	020601	Care for animals and pets (not veterinary care)
	020602	Walking, exercising, playing with animals
	020699	Pet and animal care, n.e.c.
8. Purchasing goods and services	070101	Grocery shopping
	070102	Purchasing gas
	070103	Purchasing food (not groceries)
	070104	Shopping, except groceries, food and gas
	070105	Waiting associated with shopping
	070199	Shopping, n.e.c.
	070201	Comparison shopping
	070299	Researching purchases, n.e.c.
	070301	Security procedures related to consumer purchases
	070399	Security procedures related to consumer purchases, n.e.c.
	079999	Consumer purchases, n.e.c.
	080101	Using paid childcare services (time spent facilitating use of paid services)
	080102	Waiting associated with purchasing childcare services
	080199	Using paid childcare services, n.e.c.
	080601	Activities related to purchasing/selling real state
	080602	Waiting associated with purcahsing/selling real state
	080699	Using real state services, n.e.c.b
	080701	Using veterinary services
	080702	Waiting associated with veterinary services
	080799	Using veterinary services, n.e.c.b
	090101	Using interior cleaning services
	090102	Using meal preparation services
	090103	Using clothing repair and cleaning services
	090104	Waiting associated with using household services
	090199	Using household services, n.e.c.b
	090201	Using home maint/repair/decor/construction services
	090202	Waiting associated with home main/repair/decor/construction
	090299	Using home main/repair/decor/construction services, n.e.c.b
	090301	Using pet services
	090302	Waiting associated with pet services
	090399	Using pet services, n.e.c.b
	090401	Using lawn and garden services
	090402	Waiting associated with using lawn and garden services
	090499	Using lawn and garden services, n.e.c.b
	090501	Using vehicle maintenance or repair services
	090502	Waiting associated with vehicle Maint. or repair services
	090599	Using vehicle Maint. and repair services, n.e.c.b
	099999	Using household services, n.e.c.b
	100103	Obtaining licenses and paying fines, fees, taxes
9. Travel (related to care activities and purchasing goods and services)	180201	Travel related to housework
	180202	Travel related to food & drink
	180203	Travel related to interior maintenance, etc.
	180204	Travel related to exterior maintenances, etc.
	180205	Travel related to lawn, garden and houseplant care
	180206	Travel related to care for animals and pets (not veterinary care)
	180207	Travel related to vehicles care and maintenance
	180208	Travel related to appliance, tool and toy set-up, repair and maintenance
	180209	Travel related to household management
	180299	Travel related to household activities, n.e.c.
	180301	Travel related to caring for and helping household children
	180302	Travel related to household children’s education
	180303	Travel related to household children’s health
	180304	Travel related to caring for household adults
	180305	Travel related to helping household adults
	180399	Travel related to caring for and helping household members, n.e.c
	180401	Travel related to caring for and helping non-hh children
	180402	Travel related to non-household children’s education
	180403	Travel related to non-household children’s health
	180404	Travel related to caring for non-household adults
	180405	Travel related to helping non-household adults
	180499	Travel related to caring for and helping non-household members, n.e.c
	180701	Travel related to grocery shopping
	180702	Travel related to purchasing gas
	180703	Travel related to purchasing food (not groceries)
	180704	Travel related to shopping, ex. groceries, food and gas
	180799	Travel related to consumer purchases, n.e.c.
	180801	Travel related to using childcare services
	180802	Travel related to using financial services and banking
	180803	Travel related to using legal services
	180804	Travel related to using medical services
	180805	Travel related to using personal care services
	180806	Travel related to using real estate services
	180807	Travel related to using veterinary services
	180899	Travel related to using professional and personal care services, n.e.c.
	180901	Travel related to using household services
	180902	Travel related to using home maint./repair/decorator/construction services
	180903	Travel related to using pet services (not veterinary)
	180904	Travel related to using lawn and garden services
	180905	Travel related to using vehicle maintenance & repair services
	180999	Travel related to using household services, n.e.c.
10. Childcare	030101	Physical care for household children
	030102	Reading to/with household children
	030103	Playing with household children, not sports
	030104	Arts and crafts with household children
	030105	Playing sports with household children
	030106	Talking with/listening to household children
	030108	Organization and planning for household children
	030109	Looking after household children (as a primary activity)
	030110	Attending household children’s events
	030111	Waiting for/with household children
	030112	Picking up/dropping off household children
	030199	Caring for and helping household children, n.e.c.
	030201	Homework (household children)
	030202	Meetings and school conferences (household children)
	030203	Home schooling of household children
	030204	Waiting associated with household children’s education
	030299	Activities related to household child’s education, n.e.c.
	030301	Providing medical care to household children
	030302	Obtaining medical care for household children
	030303	Waiting associated with household children’s health
	030399	Activities related to household child’s health, n.e.c.
	040101	Physical care for non-household children
	040102	Reading to/with non-household children
	040103	Playing with non-household children, not sports
	040104	Arts and crafts with non-household children
	040105	Playing sports with non-household children
	040106	Talking with/listening to non-household children
	040108	Organization and planning for non-household children
	040109	Looking after non-household children (as a primary activity)
	040110	Attending non-household children’s events
	040111	Waiting for/with non-household children
	040112	Dropping off/picking up non-household children
	040199	Caring for and helping non-household children, n.e.c.
	040201	Homework (non-household children)
	040202	Meetings and school conferences (non-household children)
	040203	Home schooling of non-household children
	040204	Waiting associated with non-household children’s education
	040299	Activities related to non-household children’s education, n.e.c.
	040301	Providing medical care to non-household children
	040302	Obtaining medical care for non-household children
	040303	Waiting associated with non-household children’s health
	040399	Activities related to non-household children’s health, n.e.c.
11. Eldercare and care of adults	030401	Physical care for household adults
	030402	Looking after household adult (as a primary activity)
	030403	Providing medical care to household adult
	030404	Obtaining medical and care services for household adult
	030405	Waiting associated with caring for household adults
	030499	Caring for household adults, n.e.c.
	030501	Helping household adults
	030502	Organization and planning for household adults
	030503	Picking up/dropping off household adult
	030504	Waiting associated with helping household adults
	030599	Helping household adults, n.e.c.
	039999	Caring for and helping household members, n.e.c.
	040401	Physical care for non-household adults
	040402	Looking after non-household adult (as a primary activity)
	040403	Providing medical care to non-household adult
	040404	Obtaining medical and care services for non-household adult
	040405	Waiting associated with caring for non-household adults
	040499	Caring for non-household adults, n.e.c.
	040501	Housework, cooking, and shopping assistance for non-household adults
	040502	House and lawn maintenance and repair assistance for non-household adults
	040503	Animal and pet care assistance for non-household adults
	040504	Vehicle and appliance maintenance/repair assistance for non-household adults
	040505	Financial management assistance for non-household adults
	040506	Household management and paperwork assistance for non-household adults
	040507	Picking up/dropping off non-household adult
	040508	Waiting associated with helping non-household adults
	049999	Helping non-household adults, n.e.c.
12. Volunteering	150101	Volunteer, Computer use
	150102	Volunteer, Organizing and preparing
	150103	Volunteer, Reading
	150104	Volunteer, Telephone calls (except hotline counseling)
	150105	Volunteer, Writing
	150106	Volunteer, Fundraising
	150199	Volunteer, Administrative and support activities, n.e.c.
	150201	Volunteer, Food preparation, presentation, clean-up
	150202	Volunteer, Collection and delivering clothing and goods
	150203	Volunteer, Providing care
	150204	Volunteer, Teaching, leading, counseling, mentoring
	150299	Volunteer, Social service and care activities, n.e.c.
	150301	Volunteer, Building houses, wildlife sites, other structures
	150302	Volunteer, Indoor and outdoor maintenance, repair, clean-up
	150399	Volunteer, Indoor and outdoor maintenance, building and clean-up activities, n.e.c.
	150401	Volunteer, Performing
	150402	Volunteer, Serving at volunteer events and cultural activities
	150499	Volunteer, Participating in performance & cultural activities
	150501	Volunteer, Attending meetings, conferences, and training
	150599	Volunteer, Attending meetings, conferences, training, n.e.c.
	150601	Volunteer, Public health activities
	150602	Volunteer, Public safety activities
	150699	Volunteer, Public health and safety activities, n.e.c.
	150701	Volunteer, Waiting associated with volunteer activities
	150799	Volunteer, Waiting associated with volunteer activities, n.e.c.
	150801	Volunteer, Security procedures related to volunteer activities
	150899	Volunteer, Security procedures, n.e.c.
	159999	Volunteer activities, n.e.c.

Market work categories	6-digit activity codea	Description
Paid work	050101	Work, main job
	050102	Work, other job(s)
	050103	Security procedures related to work
	050104	Waiting associated with working
	050199	Working, n.e.c.b
	050301	Income-generating hobbies, crafts, and food
	050302	Income-generating performances
	050303	Income-generating services
	050304	Income-generating rental property activities
	050305	Waiting associated with other income-generating activities
	050399	Other income-generating activities, n.e.c.b
	050401	Job search activities
Work-related	050201	Socializing, relaxing, and leisure as part of job
	050202	Eating and drinking as part of job
	050203	Sports and exercise as part of job
	050204	Security procedures as part of job
	050205	Waiting associated with work-related activities
	050299	Work-related activities, n.e.c.b

1. ^aThese 6-digit activity codes correspond to the 2003–2016 ATUS lexicon
2. ^bn.e.c. stands for “not elsewhere classified”