Urban and Industrial Water Uses

Abstract

This chapter intends to reflect urban and industrial water use and management in Turkey, based on an overview of available data related to sectoral uses, constraints and a realization of set targets up to the present. Through Turkey’s EU accession process, the harmonization of the existing regulatory system with that of the EU has influenced the development of the water supply and sanitation sector, and consequently, there has been a gradual improvement in service quality and protection of the environment. Therefore, this issue deserves an in-depth analysis with regard to the objectives to be met and the corresponding finances to be allocated by the Turkish government. In line with this, a sectoral assessment giving the cross-cutting issues, followed by drinking water production and its use by households and the public sector, industries connected to the public water supply system and self-supplied industries, as well as pollution generated by municipal and industrial water consumption and disposal are summarized prior to this analysis. Water uses encompassing water supply and treatment, sewerage, wastewater treatment, and disposal will be given in the first section. A general description of the existing institutional structure related to water and sewerage administrations in Turkey will be presented in the second section, which intends to enable a better understanding of the prevailing municipal water management system that has been subject to various revisions in the past.

Annexes

11.1.1 Annex 11.1 Treatment Types, Capacities and Discharge Points of the Wastewater Treatment Plants in Istanbul Metropolitan Area (Burak and Demir 2016)

No	Treatment plant		Treatment type	Capacity m3/day	Population capacity	Discharge point
1	Yenikapi 1988		Primary-physical treatment	873.000	3.160.000	Treated wastewater is discharged to 64 m in depth, to the lower layer flows to Black Sea
2	Baltalimani 1997		Primary-physical treatment	625.000	3.000.000	Treated wastewater is discharged to 70 m in depth undercurrent in the strait 350 m away from the coast.
3	Buyukçekmece 1998		Primary-physical treatment	155.120	620.000	Treated wastewater is discharged to the 40 m depth of the Marmara Sea.
4	Uskudar 1992		Primary-physical treatment	77.760	350.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the 47 m in depth undercurrent of the Bosphorus, flows through to Black Sea.
5	Kadikoy 2003		Primary-physical treatment	1.420.000	3.000.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the 51,5 m in depth undercurrent of the Bosphorus, flows through to Black Sea.
6	Kuçukçekmece 2003		Primary-physical treatment	350.000	1.400.000	Treated wastewater is discharged to the 37,81 m depth of Marmara Sea.
7	Kuçuksu 2004		Primary-physical treatment	640.000	1.400.000	Treated wastewater is discharged to the 67 m in depth undercurrent of the Bosphorus, flows through to the Blacksea
8	Atakoy 2010		Advanced biological treatment	600.000	45.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the Marmara Sea by Ayamama Creek.
9	Tuzla	1. Plant 1998	Advanced biological treatment	150.000	1.000.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the 46 m depth of Marmara Sea.
		2. Plant 2009		100.000	500.000
10	Pasakoy	1. Plant 2000	Advanced biological treatment	125.000	500.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the Riva Creek by 6 km length tube and transmitted to Blacksea by this way.
		2. Plant 2009		125.000	500.000
11	Terkos 2000		Advanced biological treatment	2.000	7.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the Kuçukçekmece Lake Basin.
12	Bahçesehir 2004		Biological treatment	7.400		Treated waste water is discharged into Kuçukçekmece Lake Basin.
13	Pasabahçe 2009		Primary-physical treatment	570.000	2.000.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into undercurrent of Bosphorus.
14	Ambarli (2012)		Advanced biological treatment	400.000	1.600.000	Treated wastewater is discharged into the Marmara Sea.

11.1.2 Annex 11.2 Summary of EU and Turkish Drinking Water Treatment Parameters

Parameter	Parameter value		Unit
	EU drinking water directive	Turkish regulation No. 25730
Microbiological parameters
Escherichia coli (E.coli)	0	0	(number/100 ml)
Enterococci	0	0	(number/100 ml)
Chemical parameters
Antimony	5.0	5.0	μg/l
Arsenic	10	10	μg/l
Benzene	1.0	1.0	μg/l
Benzo(a)pyrene	0.010	0.010	μg/l
Boron	1.0	1.0	mg/l
Bromate	10	25	μg/l
Cadmium	5.0	5.0	μg/l
Chromium	50	50	μg/l
Copper	2.0	2.0	mg/l
Cyanide	50	50	μg/l
1.2-dichloroethane	3.0	3.0	μg/l
Fluoride	1.5	1.5	mg/l
Lead	10	25	μg/l
Mercury	1.0	1.0	μg/l
Nickel	20	20	μg/l
Nitrate	50	50	mg/l
Nitrite	0.50	0.50	mg/l
Pesticides-individual	0.10	0.10	μg/l
Pesticides – Total	0.50	0.50	μg/l
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	0.10	0.10	μg/l
Selenium	10	10	μg/l
Tetrachloroethene and Trichloroethene	10	10	μg/l
Trihalomethanes – Total	100	150	μg/l
Indicator parameters
Aluminium	200	200	μg/l
Ammonium	0.50	0.50	mg/l
Chloride	250	250	mg/l
Clostridium perfringens (including spores)	0	0	(number/100 ml)
Colour	Acceptable	–	–
Conductivity	2500	2500	μS/ cm at 20 °C
Hydrogen Ion Concentration	>6.5 and <9.5	>6.5 and <9.5	pH units
Iron	200	200	μg/l
Manganese	50	50	μg/l
Odor	Acceptable	–	–
Oxidisability	5.0	5.0	mg/l O2
Sulphate	250	250	mg/l
Sodium	200	200	mg/l
Taste	Acceptable	–	–
Colony count 22 Deg. C	No abnormal change	–
Coliform bacteria	0	0	number/100 ml
Total organic carbon (TOC)	No abnormal change	–	mg/l
Turbidity	Acceptable (not exceeding 1.0 NTU for surface water treatment)	–	NTU
Free Residual Chlorine	–	0.5	mg/l
Radioactivity parameters
Tritium	100		Bq/l
Total Indicative Dose	0.10		mSv/year

11.1.3 Annex 11.3 Wastewater Infrastructure of Organized Industrial Zones

Organized Industrial Zone (OIZ)	Basin	City	Waste water treatment	Discharging point
Tuzla	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
IMES OIZ	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Dudullu	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Ikitelli	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Beylikduzu	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Birlik	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Istanbul Deri OIZ	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Istanbul Asian Side OIS	Marmara	Istanbul	Yes
Kocaeli OIZ – 8 pcs	Marmara	Kocaeli	Yes
Canakkale OIZ	Marmara	Canakkale	No
Biga OIZ	Marmara	Canakkale	No
Bursa OIZ	Marmara	Bursa	Yes
Balikesir OIZ – 2pcs	Marmara	Balikesir	Yes
Yalova OIZ – 2 pcs	Marmara	Yalova	No
BTSO	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	Ayvali Creek
DOSAB	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	Nilufer Creek
NOSAB	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	Ayvali Creek
Gursu	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	Delicay by DSI Cenup channel
Kestel	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	Nilufer Creek
Bursa Deri	Susurluk	Bursa	Yes	–
Hasanaga	Susurluk	Bursa	No	Susurluk Creek
MKP	Susurluk	Bursa	No	–
Balikesir	Susurluk	Balikesir	No	Simav Creek
Balikesir II	Susurluk	Balikesir	No	–
Aliaga OIZ	Kuzey Ege	Izmir	Urban WWT
Manisa	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
IZBAŞ	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
IAOIS	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
KOSBI	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
Manisa Turgutlu	Gediz	Manisa	No
Manisa Salihli	Gediz	Manisa	Yes	Hayatli Creek
Salihli Leather OIZ	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
Akhisar	Gediz	Manisa	No
Kula Dericileri	Gediz	Manisa	Yes
Usak OIZ	Gediz	Usak	Yes
Torbali OIZ	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	No
Buca (Ege Giyim)	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	Pretreatment	IZSU sewerage
ITOB Tekeli	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	Yes
Tire	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	Yes
Odemis (Under construction)	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	–
Pancar (Under construction)	Kuçuk Menderes	Izmir	–
Aydin OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Aydin	Capacity is not enough
Astim OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Aydin	Under start-up
Denizli OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Denizli	Yes
Usak Karma OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Usak	Yes
Karahalli OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Usak	No
Sandikli OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Afyon	No
Dinar OIZ	Buyuk Menderes	Afyon	No
Kumluca Food Specialization	Bati Akdeniz	Antalya	Yes
Antalya OIZ	Antalya	Antalya	Yes	Antalya municipality sewerage
Bucak OIZ	Antalya	Antalya	No
Isparta Deri OIZ	Antalya	Isparta	Yes
Isparta Suleyman Demirel OIZ	Burdur Lakes	Isparta	Yes	Burdur Lake
Burdur OIZ	Burdur Lakes	Burdur	No	Burdur municipality sewerage
Afyon OIZ	Akarcay	Afyon	No
Bolvadin OIZ	Akarcay	Afyon	No
Iscehisar Marble OIZ	Akarcay	Afyon	Pretreatment
Suhut (Under Construction)	Akarcay	Afyon	No
Sinanpasa (Under Construction)	Akarcay	Afyon	No
Aksehir OIZ	Akarcay	Afyon	No
Emirdag	Sakarya	Afyon	No
Polatli	Sakarya	Ankara	Pretreatment	Gulveren creek
Eskisehir	Sakarya	Eskisehir	Yes	Porsuk creek
Sivrihisar	Sakarya	Eskisehir	–	–
Beylikova Besi İh.	Sakarya	Eskisehir	–	–
Kutahya	Sakarya	Kutahya	Pretreatment	Sewerage
Kutahya Merkez II	Sakarya	Kutahya	–
Ostim	Sakarya	Ankara	Pretreatment	Sewerage
Ivedik	Sakarya	Ankara	Pretreatment	Sewerage
ASO I	Sakarya	Ankara	Pretreatment	Sewerage
ASO II	Sakarya	Ankara	No	Ankara Creek
Baskent	Sakarya	Ankara	Pretreatment	Ankara Creek
Cubuk Hay. Ih.	Sakarya	Ankara	No	–
Dokumculer	Sakarya	Ankara	No	Municipality sewerage
Beypazari	Sakarya	Ankara	No	–
Bilecik I	Sakarya	Bilecik	Yes	–
Bilecik II	Sakarya	Bilecik	No	Karasu
Bozoyuk	Sakarya	Bilecik	Pretreatment	Municipality sewerage
Osmaneli	Sakarya	Bilecik	No	–
Pazaryeri	Sakarya	Bilecik	Pretreatment	–
Sogut	Sakarya	Bilecik	No	–
Inegol	Sakarya	Bursa	Yes	Kalburt D.
Inegol Mob. Ih.	Sakarya	Bursa	–
Yenisehir	Sakarya	Bursa	Yes	Goksu creek
Sakarya I	Sakarya	Sakarya	Pretreatment	Municipality sewerage
Sakarya II	Sakarya	Sakarya	Yes	Dinsiz creek
Sakarya III	Sakarya	Sakarya	Pretreatment	–
Karasu	Sakarya	Sakarya	–	–
Ferizli	Sakarya	Sakarya	–	–
Kaynarca	Sakarya	Sakarya	–	–
Bolu OIZ	Bati Karadeniz	Bolu	No	Bolu sewerage-Buyuksu creek
Gerede OIZ	West Blacksea	Bolu	Partly pretreatment	Municipality stabilization ponds
Gerede Leather OIZ	West Blacksea	Duzce	Partly	Ulusu creek
Duzce OIZ	West Blacksea	Duzce	Pretreatment	Duzce wwt
Duzce II. OIZ	West Blacksea	Duzce	Pretreatment	Duzce wwt
Karabuk OIZ	West Blacksea	Duzce	Pretreatment	Karabuk wwt
Zonguldak Caycuma OIZ	West Blacksea	Karabuk	No
Zonguldak Eregli OIZ	West Blacksea	Zonguldak	No
Amasya Centre OIZ	Yesilirmak	Amasya	In the planning stage
Merzifon OIZ	Yesilirmak	Amasya	In the planning stage
Corum OIZ	Yesilirmak	Corum	Yes	Corum Wastewater Treatment
Samsun Kavak OIZ	Yesilirmak	Samsun	In the planning stage
Samsun Centre OIZ	Yesilirmak	Samsun	In the tender phase
Tokat Centre OIZ	Yesilirmak	Tokat	Yes	Tokat wwt
Erbaa OIZ	Yesilirmak	Tokat	Yes	Erba wwt
Turhal OIZ	Yesilirmak	Tokat	No
Suluova OIZ	Yesilirmak	Amasya	No
Suluova Breeding OIZ	Yesilirmak	Amasya	No
Samsun Food OIZ	Yesilirmak	Samsun	No
Samsun Basin OIZ	Yesilirmak	Samsun	No
Niksar OIZ	Yesilirmak	Tokat	No
Zile OIZ	Yesilirmak	Tokat	No
Sungurlu OIZ	Yesilirmak	Corum	No
Kayseri OIZ	Kizilirmak	Kayseri	Under construction	Kayseri wwt
Kirikkale OIZ	Kizilirmak	Kirikkale	Yes
Korgun OIZ	Kizilirmak	Camkiri	Yes
Kirsehir OIZ	Kizilirmak	Kirsehir	No	Kirsehir wwt
Kastamonu OIZ	Kizilirmak	Kastamonuu	No
Sivas OIZ	Kizilirmak	Sivas	No	Sivas wwt
Yozgat OIZ	Kizilirmak	Yozgat	No	Yozgat wwt
Bafra OIZ	Kizilirmak	Samsun	No	Bafra wwt
Sabanozu OIZ	Kizilirmak	Cankiri	No	Şabanozu wwt
Konya No1 OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Konya	No
Konya OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Konya	Yes
Eregli OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Konya	Not operational
Beysehir OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Konya	No
Nigde OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Nigde	Yes
Bor OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Nigde	Under construction
Aksaray OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Aksaray	No
Karman OIZ	Konya Closed Basin	Karaman	No
Mersin Tarsus OIZ	East Mediterranean	Mersin	Yes
Silifke OIZ	East Mediterranean	Mersin	Partly pretreatment	Silifke Municipality wwt
Anamur OIZ (Planning)	East Mediterranean	Mersin	–
Adana Haci Sabanci	Seyhan	Adana	Yes	Ceyhan creek-Out of basin
Kahramanmaras OIZ	Ceyhan	Adana	Project approval phase	–
Osmaniye OIZ	Ceyhan	Osmaniye	Yes	Burnaz Kaynak Grubu Protected Area
Kadirli OIZ	Ceyhan	Osmaniye	No	Municipality Sewerage
Giresun OIZ	East Blacksea	Giresun	No	Giresun Municipality sewerage
Gumushane OIZ	East Blacksea	Giresun	No	Harsit creek
Ordu OIZ	East Blacksea	Ordu	No	Ordu municipality sewerage
Fatsa OIZ	East Blacksea	Ordu	No	Fatsa Municipality sewerage
Arsin OIZ	East Blacksea	Trabzon	Under construction / Biological	Rizvan creek
Besikduzu OIZ	East Blacksea	Trabzon	No	Land
Van OIZ	Van Lake	Van	Yes/Biological	Morali creek

11.1.4 Annex 11.4 Existing Main Turkish Acts and Legislation Governing the Tasks, Responsibilities and Operations of WSAs

Title of the act	Act no.
Act on Metropolitan Municipalities	5216
Act on Municipalities	5393
Act on the Establishment of İstanbul Water and Sewerage Administration (ISKI)	2560
Act on Municipal Revenues	2464
Act on Protection of General Public Health	1593
Turkish Commercial Code	6762
Act on Waters	831
Act on Environment	2872
Act on Ground Waters	167
Act on Public Financial Management and Control	5018
Act on Public Tendering	4734
Act on Public Tender Contracts	4735
Act on Right of Information	4982
Act on Civil Servants	657
Act on Work	4587
Act on Social Security	506
Act on Retirement Pension Fund	5434
Act on Social Security Administration (SGK)	5510
Act on Expropriation	2942
Act on Debts	818
Turkish Penal Code	5237
Act on Bankruptcy and Enforcement	2004
Act on Motor Vehicles	237
Act on Income Tax	193
Act on Value Added Tax (VAT)	3065
Act on Daily Allowances (Per Diems)	6245
Act on Stamp Tax	488
Act on Notification of Information	7201

11.1.5 Annex 11.5 The Duties and Responsibilities of the WSA Related to Water Services Given in Article 2 of the Act No. 2560

In order to supply water for domestic and industrial consumption, the WSA has to:

• (i) undertake all the responsibilities in the distribution, research and project design, as well as in the construction, transfer and operation of facilities both in operation or under construction, and in the maintenance, renovation and upgrading of these facilities;

• (ii) to conduct research and project design activities to provide the facilities necessary for collecting wastewater and storm water, their transportation and safe disposal from settlement areas to designated sites; to undertake the construction of these facilities as well as taking over the operation of existing ones, their maintenance, repair and upgrading responsibilities;

• (iii) to prevent the establishment of facilities or the carrying out of the activities that will lead to the contamination or pollution of water reservoirs, lakes, coastal areas or other water resources within its responsibility area resulting from wastewater or industrial discharge; to carry out all necessary technical, administrative and legal measures to prevent contamination or loss of water resources;

• (iv) to take over and carry out various responsibilities given to the District Municipalities by various Acts and regulations pertaining to the provision of water and wastewater services and to exercise its authority in implementing these services;

• (v) to purchase and lease all kinds of assets or to sell any outmoded vehicles or equipment; to establish or operate either individually or jointly with other public and private firms the necessary facilities or to participate in their operations already established or to be established for this purpose;

• (vi) to expropriate or to exercise the right-to-use all types of immovable assets required in carrying out of its services; and

• (vii) to raise loans and credits from international financing institutions and lenders to upgrade and develop its facilities and operations and to utilize modern technology for its services with the approval of the Ministry of Finance.

11.1.6 Annex 11.6 Main Principles of the Regulation

• (6.1) Main Principles for the Management of Water Supply and Distribution Systems:

  • (a) Continuous measurement of water quantity and water flow at each source that feeds the water distribution system;

  • (b) Continuous measurement of water pressure at critical points of the water distribution system;

  • (c) Digitizing the maps of the water supply and distribution system and development of the Geographic Information System (GIS) data base;

  • (d) Installation of monitoring and control systems (e.g. SCADA);

  • (e) Establishment of main pressure and DMA zones.

• (6.2) Main Principles for the Reduction of Water Losses in Water Supply and Distribution Systems:

  • (a) Determination of Annual Water Balance

    • 1. Determination of System Input;

    • 2. Determination of Authorized Consumption;

    • 3. Determination of Physical and Administrative Water Losses;

    • 4. Determination of Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

  • (b) Prevention of Water Losses

    • 1. Prevention of Unauthorized Consumption;

    • 2. Provision of Optimum Operating Balance with effective pressure management in the network;

    • 3. Repair and maintenance at locations where physical leaks are detected;

    • 4. Periodic/preventive maintenance and renewal of networks;

    • 5. Development of technical and administrative capacity to be able to detect physical losses/leaks.

Article 9 (Reduction of the Water Losses) of the Regulation stipulates that water losses must be reduced:

• In metropolitan municipalities and provincial central districts (which applies to 30 metropolitan municipalities and 51 provincial districts in Turkey) below 30% within 5 years (2019) and 25% in the following 4 years (2023);

• In all other (non-metropolitan) municipalities below 30% within 9 years (2023) and 25% in the following 5 years (2028).

Article 10 (Responsibility of Information Dissemination) of the Regulation stipulates the following:

• Municipalities (WSAs) should prepare an Annual Water Losses Report (template is presented in an annex; Standard Water Balance Form is exactly the Water Balance of IWA Definition – a typical example is in the Annex) and send to the Ministry of Forestry and Water Works in written form by the end of February each year.

• Municipalities (WSAs) are obliged to provide all information and documents to the representatives of the Ministry of Forestry and Water Works during audits on site to verify the validity of information in the Annual Water Losses Report.

• Municipalities (WSAs) are obliged to place the Annual Water Losses Report in their official websites for a period of 1 year after submission to the Ministry of Forestry and Water Works.

11.1.7 Annex 11.7 Annual Water Balance − A Typical Example (WSA)/Turkey

Unit	System input	Authorized consumption	Billed authorized consumption	Billed metered consumption	Revenue water
m3/y	41,718,351	27,774,269	22,768,067	22,768,067	22,768,067
%	100.00	66.58	54.58	54.58	54.58
l/ca-d	153.8	102.4	84.0	Billed unmetered consumption	84.0
m3/y				0
%				0.00
			Unbilled authorized consumption	Unbilled metered consumption	Non-revenue water
m3/y			5,006,202	0	18,950,284
%			12.00	0.00	45.42
l/ca-d			18.5	0.0	69.9
				Unbilled unmetered consumption
m3/y				5,006,202
%				12.00
l/ca-d				18.5
		Water losses	Apparent losses	Unauthorized consumption
m3/y		13,944,082	4,604,250	2,871,327
%		33.42	11.04	6.88
l/ca-d		51.4	17.0	10.6
				Meter faults
m3/y				1,732,924
%				4.15
l/ca-d				6.4
			Real losses	Pipe leakages
m3/y			9,339,832	9,339,832
%			22.39	22.39
l/ca-d			34.4	34.4
				House conn. leakages
m3/y				0
				WTP/water reservoirs overflows
m3/y				0