Abstract
Bubble dynamics and cavitation have been recognized as a relevant topic of physics and engineering for more than 100 years. Starting with erosion problems at ship propellers end of the nineteenth century [1, 2], experimental and theoretical research went on to intense ultrasound fields in liquids after World War I [3]. However, the phenomena are intrinsically difficult to investigate since the involved spatial scales span many orders of magnitude, the timescales are partly extremely fast, and the behavior includes important nonlinearities.
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Notes
- 1.
More realistic descriptions of bubbles might consider non-equilibrium conditions like heat conduction, inhomogeneous bubble interior, or dynamics of evaporation/condensation of liquid/vapor at the bubble wall.
- 2.
- 3.
The term “stable” for gas dominated bubble dynamics is somehow unfortunate since less strong collapsing bubbles can nevertheless exhibit instabilities (e.g., develop non-spherical shapes and splitting), while inertial cavitation bubbles can well oscillate in stable regimes. The older notion of “transient” cavitation for inertial cavitation is misleading in the same sense.
- 4.
The unlimited expansion occurs theoretically in an unbounded liquid volume. In a real situation, the nucleus expansion will be stopped by boundary conditions, but it can reach a “macroscopic” bubble size.
- 5.
- 6.
Pressure gradients of the sound field are typically much larger than the hydrostatic pressure gradient, and therefore buoyancy can often be neglected in the discussion of acoustic cavitation bubbles. Only for larger bubbles and weak driving, buoyancy might supersede acoustic forces which leads to a rise of the bubble to the surface.
- 7.
While secondary Bjerknes forces indeed decay with the squared distance like gravitational forces, there are differences in that stars move without friction and do typically not collide. Furthermore, the secondary Bjerknes force changes for very close or far distances, and the “mass” of a bubble depends on the driving pressure at its position. Nevertheless, partly interesting similarities exist visually between bubble structures and galactic structures.
- 8.
Inactive larger bubbles can be trapped at pressure nodes of a standing acoustic wave.
- 9.
Details of liquid injection are still subject of investigation. At least, three scenarios could take place: (I) During re-expansion of the bubble, the spherical shape is roughly restored, and remnants of the jet might disintegrate into droplets, remaining in the gas phase until the next collapse happens. (II) The jet impact onto the opposite bubble wall can cause nanosplashes that disintegrate into droplets [95]. (III) The rear side of the bubble might become unstable and split off droplets. In this context, note the non-smooth bubble backside in Fig. 1.17.
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Pflieger, R., Nikitenko, S.I., Cairós, C., Mettin, R. (2019). Bubble Dynamics. In: Characterization of Cavitation Bubbles and Sonoluminescence. SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11717-7_1
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