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Deep Oil Spills pp 221–234Cite as

The Sedimentary Record of MOSSFA Events in the Gulf of Mexico: A Comparison of the Deepwater Horizon (2010) and Ixtoc 1 (1979) Oil Spills

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Abstract

Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation (MOSSFA) refers to the process of formation, sinking, and seafloor deposition of oil-contaminated marine snow and oil-mineral aggregates. MOSSFA was well documented in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and likely occurred in the southern GoM during Ixtoc 1 (1979–1980). This chapter introduces Part IV: Oil Spill Records in Deep Sea Sediments and addresses a series of questions regarding MOSSFA in the sedimentary record:

  • What were the characteristics of MOSSFA sedimentary inputs?

  • What was the extent of MOSSFA on the seafloor?

  • What postdepositional processes took place as a result of MOSSFA?

  • Can MOSSFA be preserved in the sedimentary record?

MOSSFA sedimentary inputs were comprised of three main components (biogenic, lithogenic, and petrogenic), many of which were surface derived. MOSSFA resulted in a four- to ten fold increase in bulk sediment accumulation rates, a two- to three fold increase in oil-derived hydrocarbon concentrations, a two- to three-order of magnitude increase in Corexit 9500A dispersant concentration, and two- to three fold increases in surface-derived biotic material (e.g., planktic foraminifera, diatoms). Estimates of the total spatial extent of MOSSFA on the seafloor of the northern GoM range from 1030 to 35,425 km2, accounting for between 3.7% and 14.4% of the total petroleum released during DWH. Increased microbial respiration of organic carbon caused depleted surface sediment oxygen, intensifying reducing conditions up to 3 years following DWH. Multiple proxies provided evidence of multi-year preservation of both oil residue in the sediments associated with DWH, MOSSFA, and the sedimentary event in the geologic record. Despite confounding factors in the southern GoM including regional events (e.g., volcanoes, hurricanes) and complex hydrocarbon backgrounds (e.g., natural seeps, oil, and gas infrastructure), multiple sedimentary proxies have provided evidence of degraded Ixtoc 1 oil-residue input and the MOSSFA sedimentary event preserved in the geologic record greater than 35 years after Ixtoc 1. Federal and international policies can be benefitted by incorporating MOSSFA with regard to response strategies, weighing the ecological trade-off between oiled coastlines and offshore benthic environments.

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Acknowledgments

This research was made possible by a from the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative/C-IMAGE. Data are publicly available through the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative Information and Data Cooperative (GRIIDC) at https://data.gulfresearchinitiative.org/ (doi: 10.7266/n7-repn-q515, 10.7266/N7F18WRF, 10.7266/n7-jm62-5b12, 10.7266/n7-1k5d-4z68, 10.7266/n7-ynsd-gk73).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    Patrick T. Schwing, David J. Hollander & Rebekka A. Larson

  2. Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    Gregg R. Brooks, Rebekka A. Larson & David W. Hastings

  3. Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

    Jeffrey P. Chanton

  4. Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Sara A. Lincoln

  5. Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, PRG, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Jagoš R. Radović

  6. Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Alette Langenhoff

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  1. Patrick T. Schwing
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  8. Jagoš R. Radović
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  9. Alette Langenhoff
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Correspondence to Patrick T. Schwing .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    Steven A. Murawski

  2. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    Cameron H. Ainsworth

  3. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, Saint Petersburg, FL, USA

    Sherryl Gilbert

  4. College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA

    David J. Hollander

  5. Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA

    Claire B. Paris

  6. Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany

    Michael Schlüter

  7. Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA

    Dana L. Wetzel

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Schwing, P.T. et al. (2020). The Sedimentary Record of MOSSFA Events in the Gulf of Mexico: A Comparison of the Deepwater Horizon (2010) and Ixtoc 1 (1979) Oil Spills. In: Murawski, S., et al. Deep Oil Spills. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_13

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