Abstract
Many observers postulated that we were in a post-ideological age especially from the 1970s on. This may be true in the context of doctrinaire Marxism or Christianity. However, ordinary people are viewing ideology on different levels, albeit without using the term, and looking for credible dynamic leaders to bring change as witnessed especially with the rise in populisms. Diversity of contested ideas, conflicts and geographical scales makes analysis additionally complex. Whether due to local and regional planning in mature democracies, or that regarding the MENA countries, Kosovo, Venezuela, South Sudan or Myanmar, the common factor is power relationships, and balances of fear and influence in specific places. Hence the solution is habitually the least unjust response. If hostilities are put down by force, then the long-term reasons for conflict remain and will eventually resurface. All conflict does not necessarily lead to violence as proven by democratic consensuses reached in many jurisdictions, including traditional conflict resolution methods as found throughout Africa and Asia in contrast to the highly adversarial and litigious culture often associated with America. Disputes exist within and between democratic states, war does not.
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Notes
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Religious symbols on national flags. http://www.pewresearch.org/files/2014/11/FT_14.11.25_religionFlags_640px1.png.
- 2.
- 3.
Edward Said: The Clash of Ignorance The Nation, October 2001.
- 4.
Moïsi (2016).
- 5.
Communism Versus Capitalism. http://www.sjusd.org/leland/teachers/sgillis/geog/asia/Communism_Capitalism_pro_con.pdf and Defining Capitalism and Communism. http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/engl_258/lecture%20notes/capitalism%20etc%20defined.htm.
- 6.
Read more: Hindu Fundamentalism: Does it exist? https://tamaraalom.wordpress.com/hindu-fundamentalism-does-it-exist/.
- 7.
See Footnote 2.
- 8.
Roman Hagelstein. Explaining the Violence Pattern of the Algerian Civil War. H I C N—Households in Conflict Network. The Institute of Development Studies. University of Sussex—Falmer—Brighton—BN1 9RE www.hicn.org. Paper 43. Read more: http://www.hicn.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/wp43.pdf.
- 9.
Amnesty International. https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/tell-erdogan-free-amnesty-turkey-idil-eser-and-nine-others/, International Crisis Group. https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey.
- 10.
EIU Democracy Index (2017).
- 11.
- 12.
Security Council Approves ‘No-Fly Zone’ over Libya, Authorizing ‘All Necessary Measures’ to Protect Civilians, by Vote of 10 in Favour with 5 Abstentions. 17 March 2011. http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm.
- 13.
Read more: Regional, ethnicity and tribes in the trial of Libya’s democratic transition. CAI 20 October 2011. http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=872:regionalism-ethnicity-and-tribes-in-the-trial-of-libyas-democratic-transition-&catid=60:conflict-terrorism-discussion-papers&Itemid=265.
- 14.
- 15.
EU Regional Policy. http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/themes/culture/.
- 16.
Ciaran Dunbar. Northern Ireland Assembly divided by Irish language. BBC News NI. http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-38601181, O’Leary (2017).
- 17.
To read more: Forty-Three Years of Inspiring Action. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/about/victories/.
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- 19.
Uplift: People Powered Change. https://my.uplift.ie/, Anna Lindh Foundation. http://www.annalindhfoundation.org/home, Euronews Brussels Blogs. http://www.euronews.com/tag/euronews-brussels-blog, End Poverty in South Asia: Promoting Dialogue on Development in South Asia—Is Urban Planning Necessary? This blog is maintained by the South Asia Region of the World Bank Group. http://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/.
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O’Reilly, G. (2019). Can Democracy Be All Things to All People?. In: Aligning Geopolitics, Humanitarian Action and Geography in Times of Conflict. Key Challenges in Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11398-8_5
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